The victory of hope over Angst? : Funding, asset allocation, and risk-taking in german public sector pension reform

Public employee pension systems throughout the developed world have traditionally been of the pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) defined benefit (DB) variety, where pensioner payments are financed by taxes (contributions) levied on the working generation. But as the number of retirees rises relative to the working-age group, such systems have begun to face financial distress. This trend has been exacerbated in many countries, among them Germany, by high unemployment rates producing further deterioration of the contribution base. In the long run, public sector pension benefits will have to be cut or contributions increased, if the systems are to be maintained. An alternative path sometimes offered to ease the crunch of paying for public employee pensions is to move toward funding: here, plan assets are gradually built up, invested, and enhanced returns devoted to partly defray civil servants’ pension costs. In this study, we evaluate the impact of introducing partial prefunding, paired with a strategic investment policy for the German federal state of Hesse. The analysis assesses the impact of introducing a supplementary tax-sponsored pension fund whose contributions are invested in the capital market and used to relieve the state budget from (some) pension payments. Our model determines the expectation and the Conditional Value-at-Risk of economic pension costs using a stochastic simulation process for pension plan assets. This approach simultaneously determines the optimal contribution rate and asset allocation that controls the expected economic costs of providing the promised pensions, while at the same time controlling investment risk. Specifically, we offer answers to the following questions: 1. How can the plan be designed to control cash-flow shortfall risk, so as to mitigate the potential burden borne by future generations of taxpayers? 2. What is the optimal asset allocation for this fund as it is built up, to generate a maximum return while simultaneously restricting capital market and liability risk? 3. What are reasonable combinations of annual contribution rates and asset allocation to a state-managed pension fund, which will limit costs of providing promised public sector pensions? We anticipate that this research will interest several sorts of policymaker groups. First, focusing on the German case, the state and Federal governments should find it relevant, as these entities face considerable public sector pension liabilities. Second, our findings will also be of interest to other European countries, as most have substantial underfunded defined benefit plans for civil servants. In what follows, we first offer a brief description of the structure of civil servant pensions in Germany, focusing on their benefit formulas, their financing, and the resulting current as well as future plan obligations for taxpayers. Next, we turn to an analysis of the actuarial status of the Hesse civil servants’ pension plan and evaluate how much would have to be contributed to fund this plan in a nonstochastic context. Subsequently we evaluate the asset-liability and decision-making process from the viewpoint of the plan sponsor, to determine sensible plan asset allocation behavior. A final section summarizes findings and implications.Wie in vielen anderen Ländern auch, beruhen die deutschen Beamtenpensionen traditionell auf einem umlage- und steuerfinanzierten System der Leistungszusage (defined benefit pension – DB). Aufgrund fehlender Rücklagen resultieren aus den Pensionsverspechen ungedeckte Verbindlichkeiten in Milliardenhöhe, die als solche jedoch nicht offiziell als Staatsverschuldung ausgewiesen werden. Das damit einhergehende Problem steigender Belastungen zukünftiger Haushalte wurde von der Politik erkannt, und erste Schritte in Richtung Kapitaldeckung wurden mit der Einführung der Versorgungsrücklagen sowie der Finanzierungsfonds vollzogen. Vor diesem Hintergrund evaluiert diese Studie die Chancen und Risiken, die mit dem Übergang zu einem (partiell) kapitalgedeckten Beamtenpensionssystems verbunden sind. Als Datengrundlage dient hierzu die vollständige Personalstandsstatistik des Landes Hessen, dessen Beamtenpopulation repräsentativ für den größten Teil des deutschen Beamtensystems ist. Unter Verwendung eigens für diese Studie berechneter Beamtensterbetafeln werden zunächst die Pensionsansprüche der aktuellen Pensionäre sowie die bereits erdienten Anwartschaften der aktuell diensttuenden Beamten aktuariell bewertet. Auf Grundlage einer 50-Jahres-Prognose der Beamtenpopulationsentwicklung werden die zur Finanzierung der Pensionsversprechen benötigten Beiträge, d.h. der Beitragssatz in Bezug auf die Beamtengehälter, deterministisch bestimmt. Im Rahmen einer Monte Carlo-Studie und auf Basis eines stochastischen Barwert-Ansatzes wird sodann die Anlagestrategie für das Planvermögen bestimmt, die zu minimalem Crash-Risiko, gemessen als Conditional Value at Risk der gesamten Pensionskosten, führt. Abschließend wird aufgezeigt, welchen Freiraum der Pensionsplanmanager hinsichtlich der Wahl von Beitragssatz und Anlagestrategie hat, wenn er nur auf Einhaltung eines vorgegebenen Risikobudgets verpflichtet wurde

Time is money: life cycle rational inertia and delegation of investment management : [Version November 2013]

We investigate the theoretical impact of including two empirically-grounded insights in a dynamic life cycle portfolio choice model. The first is to recognize that, when managing their own financial wealth, investors incur opportunity costs in terms of current and future human capital accumulation, particularly if human capital is acquired via learning by doing. The second is that we incorporate age-varying efficiency patterns in financial decisionmaking. Both enhancements produce inactivity in portfolio adjustment patterns consistent with empirical evidence. We also analyze individuals’ optimal choice between self-managing their wealth versus delegating the task to a financial advisor. Delegation proves most valuable to the young and the old. Our calibrated model quantifies welfare gains from including investment time and money costs, as well as delegation, in a life cycle setting

Betting on Death and Capital Markets in Retirement: A Shortfall Risk Analysis of Life Annuities versus Phased Withdrawal Plans

How might retirees consider deploying the retirement assets accumulated in a defined contribution pension plan? One possibility would be to purchase an immediate annuity. Another approach, called the “phased withdrawal” strategy in the literature, would have the retiree invest his funds and then withdraw some portion of the account annually. Using this second tactic, the withdrawal rate might be determined according to a fixed benefit level payable until the retiree dies or the funds run out, or it could be set using a variable formula, where the retiree withdraws funds according to a rule linked to life expectancy. Using a range of data consistent with the German experience, we evaluate several alternative designs for phased withdrawal strategies, allowing for endogenous asset allocation patterns, and also allowing the worker to make decisions both about when to retire and when to switch to an annuity. We show that one particular phased withdrawal rule is appealing since it offers relatively low expected shortfall risk, good expected payouts for the retiree during his life, and some bequest potential for the heirs. We also find that unisex mortality tables if used for annuity pricing can make women’s expected shortfalls higher, expected benefits higher, and bequests lower under a phased withdrawal program. Finally, we show that delayed annuitization can be appealing since it provides higher expected benefits with lower expected shortfalls, at the cost of somewhat lower anticipated bequests.

Extending Life Cycle Models of Optimal Portfolio Choice: Integrating Flexible Work, Endogenous Retirement, and Investment Decisions with Lifetime Payouts

This paper derives optimal life cycle portfolio asset allocations as well as annuity purchases trajectories for a consumer who can select her hours of work and also her retirement age. Using a realistically-calibrated model with stochastic mortality and uncertain labor income, we extend the investment universe to include not only stocks and bonds, but also survival-contingent payout annuities. We show that making labor supply endogenous raises older peoples’ equity share; substantially increases work effort by the young; and markedly enhances lifetime welfare. Also, introducing annuities leads to earlier retirement and higher participation by the elderly in financial markets. Finally, when we allow for an age-dependent leisure preference parameter, this fits well with observed evidence in that it generates lower work hours and smaller equity holdings at older ages as well as sensible retirement age patterns.

Optimizing the Retirement Portfolio: Asset Allocation, Annuitization, and Risk Aversion

Retirees must draw down their accumulated assets in an orderly fashion so as not to exhaust their funds too soon. We derive the optimal retirement portfolio from a menu that includes payout annuities as well as an investment allocation and a withdrawal strategy, assuming risk aversion, stochastic capital markets, and uncertain lifetimes. The resulting portfolio allocation, when fixed as of retirement, is then compared to phased withdrawal strategies such a %u201Cself-annuitization%u201D plan or the 401(k) %u201Cdefault%u201D pattern encouraged under US tax law. Surprisingly, the fixed percentage approach proves appealing for retirees across a wide range of risk preferences, supporting financial planning advisors who often recommend this rule. We then permit the retiree to switch to an annuity later, which gives her the chance to invest in the capital market and %u201Cbet on death.%u201D As risk aversion rises, annuities first crowd out bonds in retiree portfolios; at higher risk aversion still, annuities replace equities in the portfolio. Making annuitization compulsory can also lead to substantial utility losses for less risk-averse investors.

Evaluating Lump Sum Incentives for Delayed Social Security Claiming

Using behavioral parameters suggested by our research and simulated by the DYNASIM team at the Urban Institute, we evaluate the potential impact of a Lump Sum reform for delayed Social Security claiming. We show that the Lump Sum delayed benefit plan does not dramatically change solvency outcomes for the Payable or the Scheduled benchmarks. Thus, the proposed reform does not solve the solvency problem facing Social Security nor does it worsen it materially. Second, the differences in projected poverty fractions are remarkably small and may even be overestimated. Third, other distributional analyses show income increases, but the changes are relatively small relative to both Scheduled and Payable benchmarks. Fourth, asset projections show that the lowest and middle-income groups accumulate substantially higher nest eggs under the Lump Sum delayed benefit plan. This is a positive result inasmuch as lower-paid individuals are more likely to value the additional assets in retirement. Accordingly, the Lump Sum reform we have outlined here has positive distributional consequences overall without costing the system more money

Phase space tweezers for tailoring cavity fields by quantum Zeno dynamics

We discuss an implementation of Quantum Zeno Dynamics in a Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics experiment. By performing repeated unitary operations on atoms coupled to the field, we restrict the field evolution in chosen subspaces of the total Hilbert space. This procedure leads to promising methods for tailoring non-classical states. We propose to realize `tweezers' picking a coherent field at a point in phase space and moving it towards an arbitrary final position without affecting other non-overlapping coherent components. These effects could be observed with a state-of-the-art apparatus

Recreating Retirement Sustainability

The financial crisis and the ensuring Great Recession have alerted those concerned with old-age security to the extreme risk confronting our retirement system. In this volume, we provide an indepth analysis of the ‘black swans’ threatening pension plans around the world. Longevity risk, capital market shocks, regulatory and political risk, and model risk all have profound consequences for pension plan participants, plan sponsors, regulators, and consultants. This book also sketches various ways to manage and finance these risks, with a view to rebuilding a more resilient retirement system. In particular, the ensuing chapters take on longevity risk, capital market risk, model risk, and regulatory risk

WP 2016-346

We designed and fielded an experimental module in the 2014 HRS which seeks to measure older persons’ willingness to voluntarily defer claiming of Social Security benefits. In addition we evaluate the stated willingness of older individuals to work longer, depending on the Social Security incentives offered to delay claiming their benefits. Our project extends previous work by analyzing the results from our HRS module and comparing findings from other data sources, which included very much smaller samples of older persons. We show that half of the respondents would delay claiming if no work requirement were in place under the status quo, and only slightly fewer, 46 percent, with a work requirement. We also asked respondents how large a lump sum they would need with or without a work requirement. In the former case, the average amount needed to induce delayed claiming was about $60,400, while when part-time work was required, the average was$66,700. This implies a low utility value of leisure foregone of only $6,300, or about 10 percent of older households’ income.Social Security Administration, RRC08098401, R-UM16-05http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134683/1/wp346.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134683/4/wp346.pdfDescription of wp346.pdf : Working pape