4,483 research outputs found
Irreversible Thermodynamics in Multiscale Stochastic Dynamical Systems
This work extends the results of the recently developed theory of a rather
complete thermodynamic formalism for discrete-state, continuous-time Markov
processes with and without detailed balance. We aim at investigating the
question that whether and how the thermodynamic structure is invariant in a
multiscale stochastic system. That is, whether the relations between
thermodynamic functions of state and process variables remain unchanged when
the system is viewed at different time scales and resolutions. Our results show
that the dynamics on a fast time scale contribute an entropic term to the
"internal energy function", , for the slow dynamics. Based on the
conditional free energy , one can then treat the slow dynamics as if
the fast dynamics is nonexistent. Furthermore, we show that the free energy,
which characterizes the spontaneous organization in a system without detailed
balance, is invariant with or without the fast dynamics: The fast dynamics is
assumed to reach stationarity instantaneously on the slow time scale; they have
no effect on the system's free energy. The same can not be said for the entropy
and the internal energy, both of which contain the same contribution from the
fast dynamics. We also investigate the consequences of time-scale separation in
connection to the concepts of quasi-stationaryty and steady-adiabaticity
introduced in the phenomenological steady-state thermodynamics
Deterministic Brownian motion generated from differential delay equations
This paper addresses the question of how Brownian-like motion can arise from
the solution of a deterministic differential delay equation. To study this we
analytically study the bifurcation properties of an apparently simple
differential delay equation and then numerically investigate the probabilistic
properties of chaotic solutions of the same equation. Our results show that
solutions of the deterministic equation with randomly selected initial
conditions display a Gaussian-like density for long time, but the densities are
supported on an interval of finite measure. Using these chaotic solutions as
velocities, we are able to produce Brownian-like motions, which show
statistical properties akin to those of a classical Brownian motion over both
short and long time scales. Several conjectures are formulated for the
probabilistic properties of the solution of the differential delay equation.
Numerical studies suggest that these conjectures could be "universal" for
similar types of "chaotic" dynamics, but we have been unable to prove this.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figure
Reciprocal relativity of noninertial frames: quantum mechanics
Noninertial transformations on time-position-momentum-energy space {t,q,p,e}
with invariant Born-Green metric ds^2=-dt^2+dq^2/c^2+(1/b^2)(dp^2-de^2/c^2) and
the symplectic metric -de/\dt+dp/\dq are studied. This U(1,3) group of
transformations contains the Lorentz group as the inertial special case. In the
limit of small forces and velocities, it reduces to the expected Hamilton
transformations leaving invariant the symplectic metric and the nonrelativistic
line element ds^2=dt^2. The U(1,3) transformations bound relative velocities by
c and relative forces by b. Spacetime is no longer an invariant subspace but is
relative to noninertial observer frames. Born was lead to the metric by a
concept of reciprocity between position and momentum degrees of freedom and for
this reason we call this reciprocal relativity.
For large b, such effects will almost certainly only manifest in a quantum
regime. Wigner showed that special relativistic quantum mechanics follows from
the projective representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. Projective
representations of a Lie group are equivalent to the unitary reprentations of
its central extension. The same method of projective representations of the
inhomogeneous U(1,3) group is used to define the quantum theory in the
noninertial case. The central extension of the inhomogeneous U(1,3) group is
the cover of the quaplectic group Q(1,3)=U(1,3)*s H(4). H(4) is the
Weyl-Heisenberg group. A set of second order wave equations results from the
representations of the Casimir operators
Frequency Domain Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometer (fNIRS) for Crew State Monitoring
A frequency domain functional near-infrared spectrometer (fNIRS) and accompanying software have been developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center as part of the Airspace Operations and Safety Program (AOSP) Technologies for Airplane State Awareness (TASA)SE211 Crew State Monitoring (CSM) Project. The goal of CSM was to develop a suite of instruments to measure the cognitive state of operators while performing operational activities. The fNIRS was one of the instruments intended for the CSM, developed to measure changes in oxygen levels in the brain noninvasively
Simple Stellar Population Models as probed by the Large Magellanic Cloud Star Cluster ESO 121-SC03
The presence of blue straggler stars (BSs) in star clusters has proven a
challenge to conventional simple stellar population (SSP) models. Conventional
SSP models are based on the evolution theory of single stars. Meanwhile, the
typical locations of BSs in the colour-magnitude diagram of a cluster are
brighter and bluer than the main sequence turn-off point. Such loci cannot be
predicted by single-star evolution theory. However, stars with such properties
contribute significantly to the integrated light of the cluster. In this paper,
we reconstruct the integrated properties of the Large Magellanic Cloud cluster
ESO 121-SC03, based on a detailed exploration of the individual cluster stars,
and with particular emphasis on the cluster's BSs. We find that the integrated
light properties of ESO 121-SC03 are dramatically modified by its BS component.
The integrated spectral energy distribution (ISED) flux level is significantly
enhanced toward shorter wavelengths, and all broad-band colours become bluer.
When fitting the fully integrated ISED of this cluster based on conventional
SSP models, the best-fitting values of age and metallicity are significantly
underestimated compared to the true cluster parameters. The age underestimate
is per cent if we only include the BSs within the cluster's half-light
radius and per cent if all BSs are included. The corresponding
underestimates of the cluster's metallicity are and per cent,
respectively. The populous star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds are ideal
objects to explore the potential importance of BSs for the integrated light
properties of more distant unresolved star clusters in a statistically robust
manner, since they cover a large range in age and metallicity.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
Accuracy of screening tools for Pap smears in general practice
Background: Data extraction tools (DETs) are increasingly being used for research and audit of general practice, despite their limitations.
Objective: This study explores the accuracy of Pap smear rates obtained with a DET compared to that of the Pap smear rate obtained with a manual file audit.
Method: A widely available DET was used to establish the rate of Pap smears in a large multi-general practice (multi-GP) in regional New South Wales followed by a manual audit of patient files. The main outcome measure was identification of possible discrepancies between the rates established.
Results: The DET used significantly underestimated the level of cervical screening compared to the manual audit. In some instances, the patient file contained phone/specialist record of Pap smear conducted elsewhere, which accounted for the failure of the DET to detect some smears. Those patients who had Pap smears whose pathology codes differed between time intervals, i.e. from different pathology providers or from within the same provider but using a different code, were less likely to have had their most recent Pap smear detected by the DET (p \u3c 0.001).
Conclusion: Data obtained from DETs should be used with caution as they may not accurately reflect the rate of Pap smears from electronic medical records
Positive-Operator-Valued Time Observable in Quantum Mechanics
We examine the longstanding problem of introducing a time observable in
Quantum Mechanics; using the formalism of positive-operator-valued measures we
show how to define such an observable in a natural way and we discuss some
consequences.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, no figures. Some minor changes, expanded the
bibliography (now it is bigger than the one in the published version),
changed the title and the style for publication on the International Journal
of Theoretical Physic
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