Detection of virulence determinants and its association with drug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most commonly noted significant nosocomial pathogen, because of its distribution, of multi drug resistance and expression of various virulence factors. This study was aimed to detect various resistance mechanism and virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to determine the significant association between them.Methods: A total of 203 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were included in this study. All isolates were detected for various virulence factors like Phospholipase, Hemolysin, Gelatinase and DNAse. Screening of β-lactamase like extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamase and Metallo β-lactamase (MBL) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also done.Results: Of total 203 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa studied, 103 were from pus, 50 each from urine and respiratory samples. Virulence factors distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed 80.3% ,70% , 71.4% , 44.8% and 34% were positive for hemolysin, phospholipase, gelatinase, DNAse and biofilm production respectively. Study on prevalence of various β-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated showed 25.6%, 24.1% and 10.3% were ESBL, MBL and AmpC producers respectively.Conclusions: This study suggests that production of virulence factors may not be significantly associated with antibiotic resistance. However, expression of certain virulence factors, most notably hemolysin and DNAse activity were significantly associated with β-lactamase production. Hence forth, future trends in clinical microbiology laboratories should focus on development of tests for the rapid detection of the most important virulence markers in addition to identification of pathogens and susceptibility pattern

Bacteriology of Abscesses with Special Reference to Phenotyping and Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Govt Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai.

INTRODUCTION : An abscess is a localized collection of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by Suppuration deep within a tissue, an organ or a confined space. It is produced by deep seeding of pyogenic bacteria into a tissue. It may involve skin, dermis, fasciae, muscles, and even bones. They occur in many parts of the body as superficial infections or as deep-seated Infections associated with any internal organ. Any organism isolated from them may be of Significance. Abscesses that develop as a result of introduction of the normal flora into a normally sterile body site are often polymicrobial in nature Flora can gain access to the sterile site by direct extension or secondary to laceration or perforation. Because of the uniqueness of the Normal flora at various body sites, the microbiology of such abscesses is generally predictable by their location. Organisms may enter the tissue by direct implantation (eg, penetrating trauma with a Contaminated object); spread from an established, contiguous infection; dissemination via Lymphatic or hematogenous routes from a distant site; or migration from a location where there are resident flora into an adjacent, normally sterile area because of disruption of natural barriers. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ; • To study the prevalence of aerobes and anaerobes in abscess. • To characterize the aerobes and anaerobes. • Phenotypic and Genotypic characterization of antibiotic susceptibility of isolated organism. • To study the incidence of methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus among the isolate. • To monitor antibiotic sensitivity pattern of MRSA and to formulate definite antibiotic policy to reduce the incidence of MRSA infection. CONCLUSION : Among 120 cases of superficial and deep abscesses studied for bacteriological profile showed 134 isolates, of which 88.33% were monomicrobial and 11.67% were polymicrobial. Of 76.87% aerobic isolates, 44.77% were gram positive cocci and 32.09% were gram negative bacilli. Of 23.14% anaerobic isolates , 14.18% were gram positive cocci and 8.96%were gram negative bacilli. Of 134 isolates, Staphylococcus aureus was predominant isolate (41.04%) from both superficial and deep abscess, of which 36.36% were detected as Methicillin resistant .MRSA emerge to be significant problematic pathogen in the surgical settting with vancomycin probably the only reliable choice of this infection. The conventional phenotypic methods ,Cefoxitin disc diffusion method and Oxacillin screen agar had high degree of sensitivity and specificity, in concordance with ‘gold standard’ mecA gene detection by polymerase chain reaction. Essential infection control practices should include hand washing by hospital personnel, basic cleaning of all surface levels (hand touch sites) , increased barrier precautions and isolation of patients colonized or infected with MRSA.. A multidisciplinary approach, coordinated participation of microbiologists, clinicians, nursing personnel, hospital infection control team is necessary for management of MRSA producing infection. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in individual settings together with judicious use is emphasized to minimize emergence of drug resistant bacteria

PREVALENCE OF VIRULENCE FACTORS AMONG CLINICAL ISOLATES OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPP.

ABSTRACTObjective: To identify some of the virulence factors such as hemolysin, gelatinase, and biofilm production among the clinical isolates of enterococci.Methods: Hemolysin detection using sheep blood agar. Gelatine agar was used for gelatinase production, and tube adherence method was used fordetecting biofilm production.Results: Hemolysin production observed in 49% of isolates, gelatinase production in 41% of isolates, and 46% of isolates were produced biofilm.Conclusion: Virulence factors production was noticed more in Enterococcus faecalis than Enterococcus faecium. It is necessary to find theproduction of important virulence factors among the clinical isolates as they are always associated with virulence of the organism including drugresistance.Keywords: Hemolysin, Gelatinase, Biofilm, Enterococcus

Crop Security Model for Improvement in Agricultural Productivity Using Iot: Smart Farming

Most of the time in agriculture field, crops ravaged by local animals that leads to huge losses for the farmers. It’s very difficult for farmers to barricade entire fields and monitors continuously. Here the crop protection system model is developed for the farmers to prevent the crops from the animals. The model adopts the Arduino Uno based system and uses wired security that gives the shock to animals if they are approaching the field. The fire sensor is also used in the model to detect fire issues. In such situations, the microcontroller will turn ON the motor if there is a fire that interns intimate the farmers through mobile application. The temperature sensor and humidity sensors are also used in the model to provide the details of temperature and soil moisture of the field. The experimental values obtained by the model ensure complete safety of crops from animals and from fire thus protecting the farmer’s loss. In addition, mobile applications are also developed to provide the details of parameters such as temperature, moisture, water levels to farmers

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Antibodies in Asymptomatic Antenatal Women from Tertiary Care Centre, Puducherry

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of AVH in developing countries. HEV causes a self-limiting infection that is transmitted mainly through the consumption of contaminated food and water. Our study aimed to find out the seroprevalence of HEV infection. Detected both IgG & IgM antibodies from 100 asymptomatic antenatal women. ELISA (DIA PRO, Italy) was used to detect antibodies. Seropositivity was found in 9% of pregnant women, all might have been exposed to HEV infection previously. It could be unnoticed due to its self-limiting nature. IgG was 5% and IgM was 6%. Both IgM & IgG were detected in two pregnant women. Untreated water was used by the majority of women irrespective of their educational status. Though it is a self-limiting disease, it is necessary to screen for its antibody. Awareness about the modes of transmission & complications needs to be addressed in the community. It is necessary to do further studies for screening for HEV infection as there is a very limited number of studies published from South India

A Comparative Study on the Phenotypic Versus Molecular Identification of Clinical Dermatophytes

Dermatophytosis is the superficial infection of keratinized tissue like skin, hair, and nails, in humans and animals, by a group of closely related fungi known as dermatophytes. Phenotypic identification of dermatophytes, especially through classical methods can be difficult and uncertain at times, especially when differentiating species with overlapping characteristics. Alternative identification methods based on amplification and sequence analysis of the highly polymorphic internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences flanking the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene has proven to be quite sensitive and reliable. The objective of our study was to compare the phenotypic and the ITS sequencing-based methods for the identification of clinically isolated dermatophyte specimens from Puducherry, India. A total of 13 clinical samples from 39 suspected cases were found positive for dermatophytes using KOH/DMSO preparations. Specimens were subsequently cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) supplemented with chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and cycloheximide. Dermatophytes were identified based on culture characteristics and microscopic examination in lactophenol cotton blue preparations. ITS sequencing was additionally performed after PCR amplification for species identification. Identification based on phenotype through microscopy and culture methods confirmed infections with Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 11), T. rubrum (n = 1), and Microsporum gypseum (n = 1). The strains were confirmed by ITS sequencing without any discrepancy with phenotypic identification. Identification of common dermatophytes based on phenotypic characteristics may be used as a reliable method of diagnosis where sophisticated methods like ITS sequencing and PCR are unavailable

DETERMINATION OF CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOFILM AND ESBL

published quarterly. The aim of IJPBS is to publish. peer reviewed research and review articles rapidly without delay in the developing field of pharmaceutical and biological science

Detection of virulence determinants and its association with drug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most commonly noted significant nosocomial pathogen, because of its distribution, of multi drug resistance and expression of various virulence factors. This study was aimed to detect various resistance mechanism and virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to determine the significant association between them.Methods: A total of 203 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were included in this study. All isolates were detected for various virulence factors like Phospholipase, Hemolysin, Gelatinase and DNAse. Screening of β-lactamase like extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamase and Metallo β-lactamase (MBL) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also done.Results: Of total 203 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa studied, 103 were from pus, 50 each from urine and respiratory samples. Virulence factors distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed 80.3% ,70% , 71.4% , 44.8% and 34% were positive for hemolysin, phospholipase, gelatinase, DNAse and biofilm production respectively. Study on prevalence of various β-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated showed 25.6%, 24.1% and 10.3% were ESBL, MBL and AmpC producers respectively.Conclusions: This study suggests that production of virulence factors may not be significantly associated with antibiotic resistance. However, expression of certain virulence factors, most notably hemolysin and DNAse activity were significantly associated with β-lactamase production. Hence forth, future trends in clinical microbiology laboratories should focus on development of tests for the rapid detection of the most important virulence markers in addition to identification of pathogens and susceptibility pattern