3,680 research outputs found
Type I Planet Migration in Nearly Laminar Disks
We describe 2D hydrodynamic simulations of the migration of low-mass planets
() in nearly laminar disks (viscosity parameter ) over timescales of several thousand orbit periods. We consider disk
masses of 1, 2, and 5 times the minimum mass solar nebula, disk thickness
parameters of and 0.05, and a variety of values and
planet masses. Disk self-gravity is fully included. Previous analytic work has
suggested that Type I planet migration can be halted in disks of sufficiently
low turbulent viscosity, for . The halting is due to a
feedback effect of breaking density waves that results in a slight mass
redistribution and consequently an increased outward torque contribution. The
simulations confirm the existence of a critical mass () beyond which migration halts in nearly laminar disks. For \alpha
\ga 10^{-3}, density feedback effects are washed out and Type I migration
persists. The critical masses are in good agreement with the analytic model of
Rafikov (2002). In addition, for \alpha \la 10^{-4} steep density gradients
produce a vortex instability, resulting in a small time-varying eccentricity in
the planet's orbit and a slight outward migration. Migration in nearly laminar
disks may be sufficiently slow to reconcile the timescales of migration theory
with those of giant planet formation in the core accretion model.Comment: 3 figures, accepted to ApJ
Dust Size Growth and Settling in a Protoplanetary Disk
We have studied dust evolution in a quiescent or turbulent protoplanetary
disk by numerically solving coagulation equation for settling dust particles,
using the minimum mass solar nebular model. As a result, if we assume an
ideally quiescent disk, the dust particles settle toward the disk midplane to
form a gravitationally unstable layer within 2x10^3 - 4x10^4 yr at 1 - 30 AU,
which is in good agreement with an analytic calculation by Nakagawa, Sekiya, &
Hayashi (1986) although they did not take into account the particle size
distribution explicitly. In an opposite extreme case of a globally turbulent
disk, on the other hand, the dust particles fluctuate owing to turbulent motion
of the gas and most particles become large enough to move inward very rapidly
within 70 - 3x10^4 yr at 1 - 30 AU, depending on the strength of turbulence.
Our result suggests that global turbulent motion should cease for the
planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in the Ap
The Eastern Arm of M83 Revisited: High-Resolution Mapping of 12CO 1-0 Emission
We have used the Owens Valley Millimeter Array to map 12CO (J=1-0) along a
3.5 kpc segment of M83's eastern spiral arm at resolutions of 6.5"x3.5", 10",
and 16". The CO emission in most of this segment lies along the sharp dust lane
demarking the inner edge of the spiral arm, but beyond a certain point along
the arm the emission shifts downstream from the dust lane to become better
aligned with the young stars seen in blue and H-beta images. This morphology
resembles that of the western arm of M100. Three possibilities, none of which
is wholly satisfactory, are considered to explain the deviation of the CO arm
from the dust lane: heating of the CO by UV radiation from young stars, heating
by low-energy cosmic rays, and a molecular medium consisting of two (diffuse
and dense) components which react differently to the density wave. Regardless,
the question of what CO emission traces along this spiral arm is a complicated
one. Strong tangential streaming is observed where the arm crosses the
kinematic major axis of the galaxy, implying that the shear becomes locally
prograde in the arms. Inferred from the streaming is a very high gas surface
density of about 230 solar masses/pc**2 and an arm-interarm contrast greater
than 2.3 in the part of the arm near the major axis. Using two different
criteria, we find that the gas at this location is well above the threshold for
gravitational instability -- much more clearly so than in either M51 or M100.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 25 pages, 5 figures. Manuscript in
LaTeX, figures in pdf. Fig 3 in colo
Bar-driven Transport of Molecular Gas to Galactic Centers and Its Consequences
We study the characteristics of molecular gas in the central regions of
spiral galaxies on the basis of our CO(J=1-0) imaging survey of 20 nearby
spiral galaxies using the NRO and OVRO millimeter arrays. Condensations of
molecular gas at galactic centers with sizescales < 1 kpc and CO-derived masses
M_gas(R<500pc) = 10^8 - 10^9 M_sun are found to be prevalent in the gas-rich
L^* galaxies. Moreover, the degree of gas concentration to the central kpc is
found to be higher in barred systems than in unbarred galaxies. This is the
first statistical evidence for the higher central concentration of molecular
gas in barred galaxies, and it strongly supports the theory of bar-driven gas
transport. It is most likely that more than half of molecular gas within the
central kpc of a barred galaxy was transported there from outside by the bar.
The supply of gas has exceeded the consumption of gas by star formation in the
central kpc, resulting in the excess gas in the centers of barred systems. The
mean rate of gas inflow is statistically estimated to be larger than 0.1 - 1
M_sun/yr.
The correlation between gas properties in the central kpc and the type of
nuclear spectrum (HII, LINER, or Seyfert) is investigated. A correlation is
found in which galaxies with larger gas-to-dynamical mass ratios tend to have
HII nuclear spectra, while galaxies with smaller ratios show spectra indicating
AGN.
Also, the theoretical prediction of bar-dissolution by condensation of gas to
galactic centers is observationally tested. It is suggested that the timescale
for bar dissolution is larger than 10^8 - 10^10 yr, or a bar in a L^* galaxy is
not destroyed by a condensation of 10^8 - 10^9 M_sun gas in the central kpc.Comment: AASTeX, 20 pages, 8 eps figs, ApJ in press (10 Nov. 1999 issue
Convective cooling and fragmentation of gravitationally unstable disks
Gravitationally unstable disks can fragment and form bound objects provided
that their cooling time is short. In protoplanetary disks radiative cooling is
likely to be too slow to permit formation of planets by fragmentation within
several tens of AU from the star. Recently, convection has been suggested as a
faster means of heat loss from the disk but here we demonstrate that it is only
marginally more efficient than the radiative cooling. The crucial factor is the
rate at which energy can be radiated from the disk photosphere, which is
robustly limited from above in the convective case by the adiabatic temperature
gradient (given a certain midplane temperature). Thus, although vigorous
convection is definitely possible in disks, the inefficiency of radiative loss
from the photosphere may create a bottleneck limiting the ability of the disk
to form self-gravitating objects. Based on this argument we derive a set of
analytical constraints which diagnose the susceptibility of an unstable disk to
fragmentation and show that the formation of giant planets by fragmentation of
protoplanetary disks is unlikely to occur at distances of tens of AU. At the
same time these constraints do not preclude the possibility of fragmentation
and star formation in accretion disks around supermassive black holes.Comment: 8 pages, submitted to Ap
Super-Earths: A New Class of Planetary Bodies
Super-Earths, a class of planetary bodies with masses ranging from a few
Earth-masses to slightly smaller than Uranus, have recently found a special
place in the exoplanetary science. Being slightly larger than a typical
terrestrial planet, super-Earths may have physical and dynamical
characteristics similar to those of Earth whereas unlike terrestrial planets,
they are relatively easier to detect. Because of their sizes, super-Earths can
maintain moderate atmospheres and possibly dynamic interiors with plate
tectonics. They also seem to be more common around low-mass stars where the
habitable zone is in closer distances. This article presents a review of the
current state of research on super-Earths, and discusses the models of the
formation, dynamical evolution, and possible habitability of these objects.
Given the recent advances in detection techniques, the detectability of
super-Earths is also discussed, and a review of the prospects of their
detection in the habitable zones of low-mass stars is presented.Comment: A (non-technical) review of the literature on the current state
ofresearch on super-Earths. The topics include observation, formation,
dynamical evolution, habitability, composition, interior dynamics, magnetic
field, atmosphere, and propsect of detection. The article has 44 pages, 27
figures, and 203 references. It has been accepted for publication in the
journal Contemporary Physics (2011
- …