Global Geographic Distribution and Host Range of Fusarium circinatum, the Causal Agent of Pine Pitch Canker

Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC), is currently one of the most important threats of Pinus spp. globally. This pathogen is known in many pine-growing regions, including natural and planted forests, and can affect all life stages of trees, from emerging seedlings to mature trees. Despite the importance of PPC, the global distribution of F. circinatum is poorly documented, and this problem is also true of the hosts within countries that are affected. The aim of this study was to review the global distribution of F. circinatum, with a particular focus on Europe. We considered (1) the current and historical pathogen records, both positive and negative, based on confirmed reports from Europe and globally; (2) the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen; (3) the current distribution of PPC in Europe, comparing published models of predicted disease distribution; and (4) host susceptibility by reviewing literature and generating a comprehensive list of known hosts for the fungus. These data were collated from 41 countries and used to compile a specially constructed geo-database. A review of 6297 observation records showed that F. circinatum and the symptoms it causes on conifers occurred in 14 countries, including four in Europe, and is absent in 28 countries. Field observations and experimental data from 138 host species revealed 106 susceptible host species including 85 Pinus species, 6 non-pine tree species and 15 grass and herb species. Our data confirm that susceptibility to F. circinatum varies between different host species, tree ages and environmental characteristics. Knowledge on the geographic distribution, host range and the relative susceptibility of different hosts is essential for disease management, mitigation and containment strategies. The findings reported in this review will support countries that are currently free of F. circinatum in implementing effective procedures and restrictions and prevent further spread of the pathogen

femur

New biological method of internal fixation of th

A wban system for ambulatory monitoring of physical activity and health status: applications and challenges

Abstract—Recent technological advances in sensors, lowpower integrated circuits, and wireless communications have enabled the design of low-cost, miniature, lightweight, intelligent physiological sensor platforms that can be seamlessly integrated into a body area network for health monitoring. Wireless body area networks (WBANs) promise unobtrusive ambulatory health monitoring for extended periods of time and near real-time updates of patients ’ medical records through the Internet. A number of innovative systems for health monitoring have recently been proposed. However, they typically rely on custom communication protocols and hardware designs, lacking generality and flexibility. The lack of standard platforms, system software support, and standards makes these systems expensive. Bulk

/STRU^NI RAD UDK 616.71-001.5-089.881:615.472 New concept in external fixation

A new concept in external skeletal fixation is presented. A 3D unilateral system developed by Mitkovic has widely been investigated biomechanically in AO institute in Davos (Switzerland). Consists of three components only providing extremely simple application and dynamic fixation of bones and different joints. This simple external fixator functions as an accurate reduction device at the same time, minimizing need for fluoroscopy. Clinically this system has been applied to mere then 13 thousand patients in 43 clinics. This paper presents the results of its application for treatment of open fractures, war wounds with fractures and for comminuted and intraarticular closed fractures in the series of 597 patients. Overall average time for union time was 3.2 months. Overall success of fracture healing was 96.8% including open and closed fractures. Our study suggests that the use of this 3D unilateral system is suitable for routine use. Key words: fracture, external fixation, Mitkovic external fixator, war wounds, nonunion rezim

metodom spoljne fiksacije

Prelom dijafize tibije predstavlja jedan od naj~e-{}ih dijafizarnih preloma dugih kostiju. U radu su izneti rezultati le~enja 90 bolesnika sa nestabilnim zatvorenim prelomom dijafize tibije spoljnim fiksatorom Mitkovi}. Dominiraju osobe mu{kog pola i njih je bilo 66 (73%). Prose~na starost bolesnika iznosi 43,95 godina (15-82). U 15 (16,7%) bolesnika postignut je odli~an rezultat, u 38 (42,2%) dobar, u 24 (26,7%) zadovoljavaju}i, u 9 (10%) delimi~no zadovoljavaju}i i u 4 (4,4%) lo{. Kod 4 (4,4%) bolesnika do{lo je do formiranja pseudoartroze (uspe{no re{ene CD aparatom po Mitkovi}u i spongioplastikom). Ni u jednog ispitanika nije registrovan postoperativni osteitis. Spoljna fiksacija predstavlja metodu izbora u le~enju nestabilnih zatvorenih preloma dijafize tibije. Primeno