363 research outputs found
Third Down with a Yard to Go: The Dixit-Skeath Conundrum on Equilibria in Competitive Games.
In strictly competitive games, equilibrium mixed strategies are invariant to changes in the ultimate prizes. Dixit & Skeath (1999) argue that this seems counter-intuitive. We show that this invariance is robust to dropping the independence axiom, but is removed if we drop the reduction axiom.GAME THEORY ; COMPETITION ; EXPECTATIONS
A novel fast gas chromatography method for higher time resolution measurements of speciated monoterpenes in air
Biogenic emissions supply the largest fraction of non-methane volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from the biosphere to the atmospheric boundary
layer, and typically comprise a complex mixture of reactive terpenes. Due to
this chemical complexity, achieving comprehensive measurements of biogenic
VOC (BVOC) in air within a satisfactory time resolution is analytically
challenging. To address this, we have developed a novel, fully automated
Fast Gas Chromatography (Fast-GC) based technique to provide higher time
resolution monitoring of monoterpenes (and selected other C<sub>9</sub>-C<sub>15</sub>
terpenes) during plant emission studies and in ambient air. To our
knowledge, this is the first study to apply a Fast-GC based separation
technique to achieve quantification of terpenes in ambient air. Three
chromatography methods have been developed for atmospheric terpene analysis
under different sampling scenarios. Each method facilitates chromatographic
separation of selected BVOC within a significantly reduced analysis time
compared to conventional GC methods, whilst maintaining the ability to
quantify individual monoterpene structural isomers. Using this approach, the
C<sub>9</sub>-C<sub>15</sub> BVOC composition of single plant emissions may be
characterised within a 14.5 min analysis time. Moreover, in-situ
quantification of 12 monoterpenes in unpolluted ambient air may be achieved
within an 11.7 min chromatographic separation time (increasing to 19.7 min
when simultaneous quantification of multiple oxygenated C<sub>9</sub>-C<sub>10</sub>
terpenoids is required, and/or when concentrations of anthropogenic VOC are
significant). These analysis times potentially allow for a twofold to fivefold
increase in measurement frequency compared to conventional GC methods. Here we outline the technical
details and analytical capability of this chromatographic approach, and
present the first in-situ Fast-GC observations of 6 monoterpenes and the
oxygenated BVOC (OBVOC) linalool in ambient air. During this field
deployment within a suburban forest ~30 km west of central
Tokyo, Japan, the Fast-GC limit of detection with respect to monoterpenes
was 4–5 ppt, and the agreement between Fast-GC and PTR-MS derived total
monoterpene mixing ratios was consistent with previous GC/PTR-MS
comparisons. The measurement uncertainties associated with the Fast-GC
quantification of monoterpenes are ≤ 12%, while larger uncertainties
(up to ~25%) are associated with the OBVOC and
sesquiterpene measurements
Photoelectrical Properties of Composites from Organic Vacuum CVD-grown Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Conjugated Polymer
Sensitivity analyses of OH missing sinks over Tokyo metropolitan area in the summer of 2007
OH reactivity is one of key indicators which reflect impacts of photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. An observation campaign has been conducted in the summer of 2007 at the heart of Tokyo metropolitan area to measure OH reactivity. The total OH reactivity measured directly by the laser-induced pump and probe technique was higher than the sum of the OH reactivity calculated from concentrations and reaction rate coefficients of individual species measured in this campaign. And then, three-dimensional air quality simulation has been conducted to evaluate the simulation performance on the total OH reactivity including "missing sinks", which correspond to the difference between the measured and calculated total OH reactivity. The simulated OH reactivity is significantly underestimated because the OH reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and missing sinks are underestimated. When scaling factors are applied to input emissions and boundary concentrations, a good agreement is observed between the simulated and measured concentrations of VOCs. However, the simulated OH reactivity of missing sinks is still underestimated. Therefore, impacts of unidentified missing sinks are investigated through sensitivity analyses. In the cases that unknown secondary products are assumed to account for unidentified missing sinks, they tend to suppress formation of secondary aerosol components and enhance formation of ozone. In the cases that unidentified primary emitted species are assumed to account for unidentified missing sinks, a variety of impacts may be observed, which could serve as precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and significantly increase SOA formation. Missing sinks are considered to play an important role in the atmosphere over Tokyo metropolitan area
Molecular analysis of Rh polypeptides in a family with RhD-positive and RhD-negative phenotypes
Spectrum of Factors Affecting Dental Arch Relationships in Japanese Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Isoprene oxidation products are a significant atmospheric aerosol component
International audienceGlycolaldehyde, hydroxyacetone, and methylglyoxal, which are known isoprene oxidation products, were collected during two field experiments using an annular denuder sampling system and compared to a model calculation. The compounds in gas and aerosol phases were determined during both experiments. Global variation and distribution of the aerosol mass contribution of the compounds were predicted using the measurements, the box model results, and gas-phase concentrations and humidity simulated by a global 3-D model. Here we report the estimates of a global annual contribution of 35 (10?120) Tg of aerosol organic matter from isoprene
Novel electrical, optical and rheological properties of conducting polymer in liquids and solutions infiltrated in opals and inverse opals
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