Antibiotic Susceptibility Assessment of Helicobacter pylori Isolates by Disk-Diffusion Method

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is tightly associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric MALToma, and gastric cancer. Decreased antibiotic susceptibility in H. pylori is a worldwide problem. Our objective was to determine in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of H. pylori isolates obtained from gastric mucosa biopsies of children with H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases using disk-diffusion method. A total 76 biopsy specimens were studied; antibiotic susceptibility was assessed in case of 30 children in whom H. pylori was revealed by bacteriology. The maximum resistance of H. pylori isolates was revealed to clarithromycin with nine resistant isolates (30.0%). The rate of resistance to metronidazole, amoxicillin, furazolidone, tetracycline, and levofloxacin was 23.3, 33.3, 16.7, 25.0, and 16.7%, respectively. Multidrug resistance was detected in 20.0% of H. pylori strains. The high prevalence of resistance to antibiotics used in eradication therapy is becoming a problem which needs eradication therapy regimen use based on regional H. pylori resistance rates

Геногеография ели европейской (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) по данным анализа цитоплазматической ДНК

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is one of the main forest-forming species in Belarus. It plays important economic, ecological and social roles. The spruce forest of the region is characterized by a complex history of the formation of its population genetic structure. The aim of this study was the genogeographic analysis of P. abies populations and the description of regional features of its gene pool in Belarus. Molecular genetic analysis of microsatellite (SSR) loci of chloroplast DNA and mt15-D02 locus of mitochondrial DNA of Norway spruce was carried out for samples from 57 naturally originated forest stands. We identified 19 allelic variants of the Pt63718, Pt26081, Pt71936 cpDNA loci and two allelic variants of mt15-D02 mtDNA. The geographical distribution of the alleles has been described and the regional features of the genogeographic differentiation of the spruce forests have been considered. The southern border of the continuous distribution area of P. abies and its island localities lie in the south of Belarus (Brest and Gomel regions). The frequency of occurrence of individual allelic variants of cpDNA SSR loci has the most pronounced deviations from the average values for the whole country in those regions. Analysis of cpDNA showed the presence of certain regional features of the genogeographic structure of the spruce forest in the “south-north” and “west-east” directions. According to mitochondrial DNA analysis higher concentration of P. abies trees of southern (Carpathian) origin is observed in the southwest of Belarus. On the contrary northern (Boreal) origin dominates in the rest of the country. The results of performed genogeographic analysis of Norway spruce populations can serve as a basis for improving the forest seed zoning of the tree species.Ель европейская (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) является одним из основных лесообразующих видов Беларуси, выполняя важные экономические, экологические и социальные функции. Еловая формация региона характеризуется сложной историей формирования своей популяционно-генетической структуры. Целью данной работы являлся геногеографический анализ популяций P. abies и установление региональных особенностей ее генофонда на территории Беларуси. Проведен молекулярно-генетический анализ микросателлитных (SSR) локусов хлоропластной ДНК и локуса mt15-D02 митохондриальной ДНК P. abies в 57 древостоях естественного происхождения. Выявлено 19 аллельных вариантов локусов Pt63718, Pt26081, Pt71936 хпДНК и два аллельных варианта mt15-D02 мтДНК. Установлено географическое распространение аллелей и рассмотрены региональные особенности геногеографической дифференциации еловой формации. Для еловых древостоев юга Беларуси (Брестская и Гомельская области), где пролегает южная граница сплошной области распространения P. abies и ее островные местонахождения, частота встречаемости отдельных аллельных вариантов SSR-локусов хпДНК имеет наиболее выраженные отклонения от их средних значений по стране. Анализ хпДНК показал наличие определенных региональных особенностей геногеографической структуры еловой формации в направлении «юг–север» и «запад–восток», а мтДНК – концентрацию на юго-западе Беларуси деревьев P. abies южного (карпатского) происхождения, на остальной части страны – северного (бореального). Результаты проведенного геногеографического анализа популяций P. abies могут служить основой для совершенствования лесосеменного районирования данного вида

Территориальное распределение аллелей SSR-локусов хлоропластной ДНК сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в Беларуси

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the main forest forming species in Belarus, which cover 49.2 % of the country’s forested area. The aim of the study was to investigate spatial distribution of microsatellite (SSR) alleles (chloroplast DNA) and identify the features of the genetic structure and genogeographic differentiation of P. sylvestris populations in Belarus. Molecular genetic analysis of six SSR loci of Scotch pine cpDNA in samples form 73 naturally originated stands was carried out. 35 allelic variants of loci PCP1289, PCP4507, PCP83314, PCP71987, PCP26106, PCP30277 were identified. The analysis of the geographic distribution of the dominant allelic variants showed that the population structure of the pine forest is rather homogeneous. Certain regional differences in a number of cases were found for less common, but also widespread variants. One group of alleles is characterized by an increase or decrease in the frequency of occurrence in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. Another group includes allelic variants which share is maximal in the zone covering the Grodno region, the southwestern part of the Minsk region and the Gomel region, while to southwest and to northeast from this zone their frequency of occurrence decreases or is absent. A number of alleles were found only in one of the analyzed stands or in a limited area, which may indicate their local origin as a result of spontaneous mutations. The obtained results are important both from a general biological point of view in studying the evolution and formation of the genetic structure of P. sylvestris in Belarus, and from a practical point of view, since they allow to improve the forest seed zoning of the species.Cосна обыкновенная (Pinus sylvestris L.) является одним из основных лесообразующих видов Беларуси, древостои которой занимают 49,2 % лесопокрытой площади страны. Целью исследования являлось выявление на основе изучения территориального распределения аллелей микросателлитных (SSR) локусов хлоропластной ДНК особенностей генетической структуры и геногеографической дифференциации популяций P. sylvestris в Беларуси. Проведен молекулярно-генетический анализ шести SSR-локусов хпДНК сосны обыкновенной в 73 древостоях естественного происхождения. Выявлено 35 аллельных вариантов локусов PCP1289, PCP4507, PCP83314, PCP71987, PCP26106, PCP30277. Анализ географического распространения аллельных вариантов показал, что по доминирующим вариантам популяционная структура сосновой формации достаточно однородна. Определенные региональные отличия в ряде случаев обнаружены по менее встречающимся, но также широко распространенным вариантам. Одна группа аллелей характеризуется увеличением или уменьшением частоты встречаемости в направлении с юго-запада на северо-восток. Другая группа включает аллельные варианты, долевое участие которых максимально в зоне, охватывающей Гродненскую область, юго-западную часть Минской области и Гомельскую область, в то время как юго-западнее или северо-восточнее от этой зоны отмечается снижение их частоты встречаемости или отсутствие. Ряд аллелей встречался только в одном из проанализированных древостоев или же на ограниченной территории, что может свидетельствовать об их местном происхождении в результате спонтанных мутаций. Полученные результаты важны как с общебиологической точки зрения при изучении эволюции и процессов формирования генетической структуры P. sylvestris в Беларуси, так и с практической, поскольку позволяют совершенствовать лесосеменное районирование вида

ПОЛИМОРФИЗМ ЛОКУСОВ ЦИТОПЛАЗМАТИЧЕСКОЙ МУЖСКОЙ СТЕРИЛЬНОСТИ ЛУКА РЕПЧАТОГО (ALLIUM CEPA L.) БЕЛОРУССКОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ

Studied are two DNA-markers of mitochondrial gene cob characterizing S- and N-cytoplasm, marker of mitochondrial region orfA501 with S- and T-cytoplasm, and two markers co-segregating with Ms or ms, nuclear genes which control the fertility of phenotypes with S-cytoplasm in the onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties developed in the Institute of Vegetable Growing.Изучены два ДНК-маркера митохондриального гена cob, характеризующие S- и N-типы цитоплазмы, маркер митохондриального региона orfA501, выделяющий S- и T-стерильные типы цитоплазмы и два маркера, косегрегирующие с Ms или ms, ядерными генами, контролирующими фертильность фенотипов с S-цитоплазмой, лука репчатого (Allium cepa L.) на примере сортов белорусской селекции

Efficiency of Using Permanent Seed Sources for Conservation of Genetic Pool of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Belarus

On the basis of electrophoretic isoenzyme, analysis of permanent seed sources of Scots pine from Belarus is conducted. Research revealed that almost all of the analyzed plus stands, genetic reserves, seed orchards of the I order provenance and 71.5 % of seed orchards of the II order support maintenance of the level of average heterozygosity characteristic of Scots pine in Belarus. It is shown that in the plantation and population, seed from permanent seed sources can ensure the conservation of the species gene pool at higher productivity than created forest plantations

Genetic diversity and structure of the Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. seed orchards of the first and the second order in Belarus

The genetic diversity of 5 seed orchards of the first (I) and 12 the second (II) orders of the Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. was analyzed on basis of the isoenzyme analysis method, was carried the study with 18 isoenzyme genes. Allelic frequencies of occurrence of the isoenzyme loci were established and the basic indicators of genetic diversity of seed orchards of Norway spruce were calculated (proportion of polymorphic loci, number of alleles per locus, mean heterozygosity) and their comparison with the average stock of genetic diversity of spruce stands of natural origin was conducted. Seed orchards I and II orders are not inferior to natural populations by the proportion of polymorphic loci P95 (0.39, 0.44 and 0.44, respectively). In the case of indicator P99, most seed orchards are comparable to natural stands, however, values of P99 for seed orchards I and II orders as a whole are significantly lower than in natural populations (0.50, 0.50 and 0.67, respectively). Range of allelic diversity in seed orchards is higher than in stands of Norway spruce of production forests. However, many allelic variants in the analyzed totality of seed orchards had a frequency of less than 1 %, although they were found in the spruce formation of Belarus with a frequency of 1 to 5 %. The average values of heterozygosity in seed orchards I order are significantly lower (0.127 and 0.131, respectively) with those in stands of production forests of Belarus (0.147 and 0.150, respectively); in seed orchards II order vice versa – are significantly higher (0.163 and 0.162, respectively). The obtained values of the inbreeding coefficients FIS and FIT for seed orchards I and II orders indicate that they are in equilibrium according to Hardy-Weinberg. The genetic structure of seed orchards I and II orders is characterized by homogeneity because coefficients FST and GST have low values (not higher 0.011 and 0.012, respectively). Assessment of degree of genetic differentiation revealed a similarity of the genetic structures of the studied seed orchards and spruce stands of natural origin of production forests