792 research outputs found
E. coli elongation factor Tu bound to a GTP analogue displays an open conformation equivalent to the GDP-bound form
According to the traditional view, GTPases act as molecular switches, which cycle between distinct âonâ and âoffâ conformations bound to GTP and GDP, respectively. Translation elongation factor EF-Tu is a GTPase essential for prokaryotic protein synthesis. In its GTP-bound form, EF-Tu delivers aminoacylated tRNAs to the ribosome as a ternary complex. GTP hydrolysis is thought to cause the release of EF-Tu from aminoacyl-tRNA and the ribosome due to a dramatic conformational change following Pi release. Here, the crystal structure of Escherichia coli EF-Tu in complex with a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue (GDPNP) has been determined. Remarkably, the overall conformation of EF-Tu·GDPNP displays the classical, open GDP-bound conformation. This is in accordance with an emerging view that the identity of the bound guanine nucleotide is not âlockingâ the GTPase in a fixed conformation. Using a single molecule approach, the conformational dynamics of various ligand-bound forms of EF-Tu were probed in solution by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The results suggest that EF-Tu, free in solution, may sample a wider set of conformations than the structurally well-defined GTP- and GDP-forms known from previous X-ray crystallographic studies. Only upon binding, as a ternary complex, to the mRNA programmed ribosome, is the well-known, closed GTP-bound conformation, observed
Tunnelling Methods and Hawking's radiation: achievements and prospects
The aim of this work is to review the tunnelling method as an alternative
description of the quantum radiation from black holes and cosmological
horizons. The method is first formulated and discussed for the case of
stationary black holes, then a foundation is provided in terms of analytic
continuation throughout complex space-time. The two principal implementations
of the tunnelling approach, which are the null geodesic method and the
Hamilton-Jacobi method, are shown to be equivalent in the stationary case. The
Hamilton-Jacobi method is then extended to cover spherically symmetric
dynamical black holes, cosmological horizons and naked singularities. Prospects
and achievements are discussed in the conclusions.Comment: Topical Review commissioned and accepted for publication by
"Classical and Quantum Gravity". 101 pages; 6 figure
Avoidance as a strategy of (not) coping: qualitative interviews with carers of Huntington's Disease patients
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Back reaction, emission spectrum and entropy spectroscopy
Recently, an interesting work, which reformulates the tunneling framework to
directly produce the Hawking emission spectrum and entropy spectroscopy in the
tunneling picture, has been received a broad attention. However, during the
emission process, most related observations have not incorporated the effects
of back reaction on the background spacetime, whose derivations are therefore
not the desiring results for the real physical process. With this point as a
central motivation, in this paper we suitably adapt the \emph{reformulated}
tunneling framework so that it can well accommodate the effects of back
reaction to produce the Hawking emission spectrum and entropy spectroscopy.
Consequently, we interestingly find that, when back reaction is considered, the
Parikh-Wilczek's outstanding observations that, an isolated radiating black
hole has an unitary-evolving emission spectrum that is \emph{not} precisely
thermal, but is related to the change of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, can
also be reproduced in the reformulated tunneling framework, meanwhile the
entropy spectrum has the same form as that without inclusion of back reaction,
which demonstrates the entropy quantum is \emph{independent} of the effects of
back reaction. As our final analysis, we concentrate on the issues of the black
hole information, but \emph{unfortunately} find that, even including the
effects of back reaction and higher-order quantum corrections, such tunneling
formalism can still not provide a mechanism for preserving the black hole
information.Comment: 16 pages, no figure, use JHEP3.cls. to be published in JHE
Holographic Calculations of Renyi Entropy
We extend the approach of Casini, Huerta and Myers to a new calculation of
the Renyi entropy of a general CFT in d dimensions with a spherical entangling
surface, in terms of certain thermal partition functions. We apply this
approach to calculate the Renyi entropy in various holographic models. Our
results indicate that in general, the Renyi entropy will be a complicated
nonlinear function of the central charges and other parameters which
characterize the CFT. We also exhibit the relation between this new thermal
calculation and a conventional calculation of the Renyi entropy where a twist
operator is inserted on the spherical entangling surface. The latter insight
also allows us to calculate the scaling dimension of the twist operators in the
holographic models.Comment: 71 pages, 6 figure
Entanglement entropies in free fermion gases for arbitrary dimension
We study the entanglement entropy of connected bipartitions in free fermion
gases of N particles in arbitrary dimension d. We show that the von Neumann and
Renyi entanglement entropies grow asymptotically as N^(1-1/d) ln N, with a
prefactor that is analytically computed using the Widom conjecture both for
periodic and open boundary conditions. The logarithmic correction to the
power-law behavior is related to the area-law violation in lattice free
fermions. These asymptotic large-N behaviors are checked against exact
numerical calculations for N-particle systems.Comment: 6 pages, 9 fig
Sample-efficient verification of continuously-parameterized quantum gates for small quantum processors
Most near-term quantum information processing devices will not be capable of implementing quantum error correction and the associated logical quantum gate set. Instead, quantum circuits will be implemented directly using the physical native gate set of the device. These native gates often have a parameterization (e.g., rotation angles) which provide the ability to perform a continuous range of operations. Verification of the correct operation of these gates across the allowable range of parameters is important for gaining confidence in the reliability of these devices. In this work, we demonstrate a procedure for sample-efficient verification of continuously-parameterized quantum gates for small quantum processors of up to approximately 10 qubits. This procedure involves generating random sequences of randomly-parameterized layers of gates chosen from the native gate set of the device, and then stochastically compiling an approximate inverse to this sequence such that executing the full sequence on the device should leave the system near its initial state. We show that fidelity estimates made via this technique have a lower variance than fidelity estimates made via cross-entropy benchmarking. This provides an experimentally-relevant advantage in sample efficiency when estimating the fidelity loss to some desired precision. We describe the experimental realization of this technique using continuously-parameterized quantum gate sets on a trapped-ion quantum processor from Sandia QSCOUT and a superconducting quantum processor from IBM Q, and we demonstrate the sample efficiency advantage of this technique both numerically and experimentally
Hawking Radiation and Tunneling Mechanism for a New Class of Black Holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
We study the Hawking radiation in a new class of black hole solutions in the
Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory. The black hole has been argued to have vanishing
mass and entropy, but finite Hawking temperature. To check if it really emits
radiation, we analyse the Hawking radiation using the original method of
quantization of scalar field in the black hole background and the quantum
tunneling method, and confirm that it emits radiation at the Hawking
temperature. A general formula is derived for the Hawking temperature and
backreaction in the tunneling approach. Physical implications of these results
are discussed.Comment: 12 pages, v2: Title slightly changed. Motivation and discussions are
elaborated, v3: typos corrected to match the published versio
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