Investigation of Insulator Performance Under Artificial Contaminants

There are three types of insulators, namely glass, ceramic, and polymer. Although polymers have hydrophobic properties that make them superior to other materials. However, in its application, ceramic and glass insulators are still used because they are cheaper. Environmental conditions around the work location of the insulator greatly affect its performance. Areas with high levels of pollution will result in the insulator being damaged quickly. The effect of seawater and fly-ash contaminants on the three types of insulators is discussed in this study. Experimental approaches and FEM-based simulations have been carried out. Pollution levels in seawater contaminants were standardized using ESDD. Meanwhile, the level of pollution in fly-ash contaminants is standardized using NSDD. Simulations and experiments were carried out at four levels of contamination, namely light, medium, heavy and very heavy. Then the simulation and test results are compared. The greater the ESDD and NSDD values, the greater the leakage current

Investigation of Insulator Performance Under Artificial Contaminants

There are three types of insulators, namely glass, ceramic, and polymer. Although polymers have hydrophobic properties that make them superior to other materials. However, in its application, ceramic and glass insulators are still used because they are cheaper. Environmental conditions around the work location of the insulator greatly affect its performance. Areas with high levels of pollution will result in the insulator being damaged quickly. The effect of seawater and fly-ash contaminants on the three types of insulators is discussed in this study. Experimental approaches and FEM-based simulations have been carried out. Pollution levels in seawater contaminants were standardized using ESDD. Meanwhile, the level of pollution in fly-ash contaminants is standardized using NSDD. Simulations and experiments were carried out at four levels of contamination, namely light, medium, heavy and very heavy. Then the simulation and test results are compared. The greater the ESDD and NSDD values, the greater the leakage current

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field