Millennials Versus Boomers: An Asymmetric Pattern of Realistic and Symbolic Threats Drives Intergenerational Tensions in the United States

Intergenerational conflict appears frequently in American public discourse, often framed as clashes between Millennials and Baby Boomers. Building on intergroup threat theory in an exploratory survey, a preregistered correlational study, and a preregistered intervention (N = 1,714), we find that (a) Millennials and Baby Boomers do express more animosity toward each other than toward other generations (Studies 1-3); (b) their animosity reflects asymmetric generational concerns: Baby Boomers primarily fear that Millennials threaten traditional American values (symbolic threat) while Millennials primarily fear that Baby Boomers's delayed transmission of power hampers their life prospects (realistic threat; Studies 2-3); (c) finally, an intervention challenging the entitativity of generational categories alleviates perceived threats and hostility for both generations (Study 3). These findings inform research on intergroup threat, provide a theoretically grounded framework to understand intergenerational relations, and put forward a strategy to increase harmony in aging societies

Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphyloccocus aureus at a Low-Incidence Hospital over a 4-Year Period

Abstract Objective: To study the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) over a prolonged period of time with the aid of a molecular typing method (ribotyping). Setting: A 1,000-bed tertiary university medical center. Patients and Methods: Defined epidemiological data were recorded for all patients culture-positive for MRSA between 1989 and 1992. Ribotyping of MRSA strains was performed using three restriction enzymes: EcoRv, HindHI, and KpnI. Results: From 1989 to 1992, MRSA was isolated from clinical specimens in 98 patients and from surveillance cultures in 27 patients. Among the 122 isolates available for typing, 26 different ribotypes were identified. In 20% of the cases, MRSA was community-acquired, and a third of these patients never had been hospitalized previously. Nine ribotypes were responsible for more than one case (2 to 64 patients); 17 appeared only once. Epidemiological data correlated with ribotyping results revealed 14 epidemiologic clusters involving six different ribotypes, whereas only three outbreaks were suspected initially. The median follow-up after the last isolation of a given ribotype was 14 months (range, 1 to 42) for clusters and 25 months (range, 1 to 46) for ribotypes that appeared only once. During clusters, only 16% of the cases occurred after the implementation of control measures in the ward (breakthrough cases). Conclusions: The high diversity of MRSA strains observed over 4 years suggested that new strains were introduced continuously in our hospital. Furthermore, that 17 ribotypes were isolated only once, that breakthrough cases represented only 16% of the cases in clusters, and that the follow-up duration after the last isolation of a given ribotype was more than 14 months suggest that infection control measures were effective in limiting the nosocomial spread of MRSA over a prolonged period of tim

A novel implantation technique for engineered osteo-chondral grafts

We present a novel method to support precise insertion of engineered osteochondral grafts by pulling from the bone layer, thereby minimizing iatrogenic damage associated with direct manipulation of the cartilage layer. Grafts were generated by culturing human expanded chondrocytes on Hyaff®-11 meshes, sutured to Tutobone® spongiosa cylinders. Through the bone layer, shaped to imitate the surface-contours of the talar dome, two sutures were applied: the first for anterograde implantation, to pull the graft into the defect, and the second for retrograde correction, in case of a too deep insertion. All grafts could be correctly positioned into osteochondral lesions created in cadaveric ankle joints with good fit to the surrounding cartilage. Implants withstood short-term dynamic stability tests applied to the ankle joint, without delamination or macroscopic damage. The developed technique, by allowing precise and stable positioning of osteochondral grafts without iatrogenic cartilage damage, is essential for the implantation of engineered tissues, where the cartilage layer is not fully mechanically developed, and could be considered also for conventional autologous osteochondral transplantatio

Importation of Acinetobacter baumannii Into a Burn Unit: A Recurrent Outbreak of Infection Associated With Widespread Environmental Contamination

A burn patient was infected with Acinetobacter baumannii on transfer to the hospital after a terrorist attack. Two patients experienced cross-infection. Environmental swab samples were negative for A. baumannii. Six months later, the bacteria reemerged in 6 Patients. Environmental swab samples obtained at this time were inoculated into a minimal mineral broth, and culture results showed widespread contamination. No case of infection occurred after closure of the unit for disinfectio

Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a low-incidence hospital over a 4-year period

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) over a prolonged period of time with the aid of a molecular typing method (ribotyping). SETTING: A 1,000-bed tertiary university medical center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Defined epidemiological data were recorded for all patients culture-positive for MRSA between 1989 and 1992. Ribotyping of MRSA strains was performed using three restriction enzymes: EcoRV, HindIII, and KpnI. RESULTS: From 1989 to 1992, MRSA was isolated from clinical specimens in 98 patients and from surveillance cultures in 27 patients. Among the 122 isolates available for typing, 26 different ribotypes were identified. In 20% of the cases, MRSA was community-acquired, and a third of these patients never had been hospitalized previously. Nine ribotypes were responsible for more than one case (2 to 64 patients); 17 appeared only once. Epidemiological data correlated with ribotyping results revealed 14 epidemiologic clusters involving six different ribotypes, whereas only three outbreaks were suspected initially. The median follow-up after the last isolation of a given ribotype was 14 months (range, 1 to 42) for clusters and 25 months (range, 1 to 46) for ribotypes that appeared only once. During clusters, only 16% of the cases occurred after the implementation of control measures in the ward (breakthrough cases). CONCLUSIONS: The high diversity of MRSA strains observed over 4 years suggested that new strains were introduced continuously in our hospital. Furthermore, that 17 ribotypes were isolated only once, that breakthrough cases represented only 16% of the cases in clusters, and that the follow-up duration after the last isolation of a given ribotype was more than 14 months suggest that infection control measures were effective in limiting the nosocomial spread of MRSA over a prolonged period of time

Ceftazidime in severe infections: a Swiss multicentre study

A total of 105 patients (mean age 57, range 15 to 90) with serious infections were treated with intravenous ceftazidime, usually 2 g 8-hourly. Most patients had complicating factors such as major surgery, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, catheters or anatomical abnormalities. Eighty-seven infectious episodes in 77 patients could be assessed for efficacy. Bacteraemia was diagnosed in 26% of these episodes. Seventy-five per cent of infections were due to Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most frequent. The major sites of infections were the lower respiratory tract (30), the urinary tract (28), the soft tissues (9), the biliary tract (4), bones (4) and the ears (4). Overall, 67% of the patients were cured, 20% improved, 7% relapsed and 6% failed to respond. Among the 27 infections due to Ps aeruginosa, only two failures (in the same patient) and four relapses were recorded. However, in the two failures and in three other cases with persistent Ps. aeruginosa colonisation, the organism had become resistant to ceftazidime. Three failures were recorded in the seven Staphylococcus aureus infections included in this study. Superinfection occurred in four patients. Adverse events included rash (6), Clostridium difficile toxin-induced diarrhoea (3), transaminase elevation (3), weakly positive Coombs test (10). Ceftazidime appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, including those caused by Ps. aeruginosa

Ceftazidime in severe infections: a Swiss multicentre study

A total of 105 patients (mean age 57, range 15 to 90) with serious infections were treated with intravenous ceftazidime, usually 2 g 8-hourly. Most patients had complicating factors such as major surgery, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, catheters or anatomical abnormalities. Eighty-seven infectious episodes in 77 patients could be assessed for efficacy. Bacteraemia was diagnosed in 26% of these episodes. Seventy-five per cent of infections were due to Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most frequent. The major sites of infections were the lower respiratory tract (30), the urinary tract (28), the soft tissues (9), the biliary tract (4), bones (4) and the ears (4). Overall, 67% of the patients were cured, 20% improved, 7% relapsed and 6% failed to respond. Among the 27 infections due to Ps aeruginosa, only two failures (in the same patient) and four relapses were recorded. However, in the two failures and in three other cases with persistent Ps. aeruginosa colonisation, the organism had become resistant to ceftazidime. Three failures were recorded in the seven Staphylococcus aureus infections included in this study. Superinfection occurred in four patients. Adverse events included rash (6), Clostridium difficile toxin-induced diarrhoea (3), transaminase elevation (3), weakly positive Coombs test (10). Ceftazidime appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, including those caused by Ps. aeruginos