К ВОПРОСУ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЭПИФИТОТИЙНОЙ ОБСТАНОВКИ НА ПЛОДОВЫХ И ЯГОДНЫХ КУЛЬТУРАХ В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ЧАСТИ РФ

Species composition, injuriousness and spread of most dangerous phytopara-sites in European part of RF are determined. Research studies have been conducted in Stavropol and Krasnodar Krai, Rostov region, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Dagestan and Chechnya, in Central Region – Moscow, Ryasan and Tula regions, Central Black Earth Region – Volgograd region, Komi and Karelia republic. As a result of phytoparasitological examination of fruit and berry trees in these areas the complex (mixed), viral, bacterial, fungal (including oomycetes) and nematode in-fections as well as ticks have been detected. It was determined that the increase of amount of hazardous organisms and their species composition occurs from North to South and has a pronounced epiphytotic nature especially in case of complex infection of plants with viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and nematodes. It was pointed out that fungal, bacterial and viral infections associated with endo- and ec-toparasitic nematodes may cause mass withering and shrinking of tree shoots and dying of fruit plants, development of flat-headed skeletal branches and mass mor-tality of large fruit trees.Установлены видовой состав, вредоносность и распространение наиболее опасных фитопаразитов в Европейской части РФ. Исследования проводили в Ставропольском и Краснодарском краях, Ростовской области, Кабардино-Балкарии, Дагестане и Чечне, в Центральном регионе - в Московской, Рязанской и Тульской областях, Центрально-черноземном - в Волгоградской области, на севере - в Вологодской области, республиках Коми и Карелии. В результате фитопаразитологических обследований плодовых и ягодных культур в этих регионах было выявлено наличие комплексных (смешанных) вирусных, бактериальных, грибных (включая, оомицеты) и нематодных инфекций, а также клещей. Установлено, что увеличение численности вредных организмов и их видового состава происходит с севера на юг и имеет ярко выраженный эпифитотийный характер, особенно в случаях комплексного заражения растений вирусами, бактериями, грибами, оомицетами и нематодами. Отмечено, что грибные, бактериальные и вирусные инфекции на фоне эндо- и экто- паразитических нематод вызывали массовые увядания и усыхания побегов и гибель ягодных культур и суховершинность и усыхание скелетных ветвей и массовую гибель семечковых и косточковых плодовых культур

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО ФАУНЕ ПАРАЗИТИЧЕСКИХ НЕМАТОД ВИНОГРАДА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ НАГОРНОГО КАРАБАХА

Parasitic fauna of grapes in Martuninsk District of Nagorno-Karabakh is in-vestigated. Soil samples were collected at the deepness of 10–20 and 20–40 cm. Release of nematodes from soil was carried out using standard methods. Plant roots were examined for nematodes under a binocular microscope. Identification of the genus and species was conducted using temporary and permanent glycerin drugs. Parasitic fauna of examined grapes is represented by 5 genera (Xiphinema, Lon-gidorus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Macroposthonia). 7 species were indenti-fied: Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. dihistera, H. pseudorobustus, Macroposthonia xenoplax, Xiphinema brevicolle, X. index, X. pachtaicum. Nematodes Xiphinema – transmitters of viruses are detected in rhizosphere of damaged grape plants; these plant-parasitic nematodes are of a great economic importance because of their spe-cific pathogenic effect; besides their direct harmful effect on plant’s root system they transmit various virus infections: grapevine leafroll virus, Arabis mosaic virus etc.Изучена паразитофауна виноградников Марту-нийского района Нагорного Карабаха. Пробы почвы отбирали на глубине 10-20 и 20-40 см. Выделение нематод из почвы проводили общепринятыми мето-дами. Корни растений исследовали на наличие нематод под бинокуляром. Идентификацию до рода и вида проводили на временных и постоянных глице-риновых препаратах. Паразитофауна исследо-ванных виноградников представлена 5 родами ( Xiphinema, Longidorus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Macropos-thonia ). Идентифицировано 7 видов: Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. dihistera, H. pseudorobustus, Macroposthonia xenoplax, Xiphinema brevicolle, X. index, X. pachtaicum. В ризосфере угнетенных растений винограда обна-ружены нематоды - вирусоносители рода Xiphinema, имеющие большое экономическое значение как пара-зиты специфичного патогенного эффекта, кото-рые, кроме непосредственного вредоносного действия на корневую систему растений, являются перенос-чиками различной вирусной инфекции: вируса ве-еровидности листьев винограда, вируса мозаики и др

On the issue of the study of epiphytotic situation in relation to fruit and berry trees in European part of RF

Species composition, injuriousness and spread of most dangerous phytopara-sites in European part of RF are determined. Research studies have been conducted in Stavropol and Krasnodar Krai, Rostov region, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Dagestan and Chechnya, in Central Region – Moscow, Ryasan and Tula regions, Central Black Earth Region – Volgograd region, Komi and Karelia republic. As a result of phytoparasitological examination of fruit and berry trees in these areas the complex (mixed), viral, bacterial, fungal (including oomycetes) and nematode in-fections as well as ticks have been detected. It was determined that the increase of amount of hazardous organisms and their species composition occurs from North to South and has a pronounced epiphytotic nature especially in case of complex infection of plants with viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and nematodes. It was pointed out that fungal, bacterial and viral infections associated with endo- and ec-toparasitic nematodes may cause mass withering and shrinking of tree shoots and dying of fruit plants, development of flat-headed skeletal branches and mass mor-tality of large fruit trees

Some data on fauna of parasitic nematodes of grapes in the Nagorno-Karabakh region

Parasitic fauna of grapes in Martuninsk District of Nagorno-Karabakh is in-vestigated. Soil samples were collected at the deepness of 10–20 and 20–40 cm. Release of nematodes from soil was carried out using standard methods. Plant roots were examined for nematodes under a binocular microscope. Identification of the genus and species was conducted using temporary and permanent glycerin drugs. Parasitic fauna of examined grapes is represented by 5 genera (Xiphinema, Lon-gidorus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Macroposthonia). 7 species were indenti-fied: Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. dihistera, H. pseudorobustus, Macroposthonia xenoplax, Xiphinema brevicolle, X. index, X. pachtaicum. Nematodes Xiphinema – transmitters of viruses are detected in rhizosphere of damaged grape plants; these plant-parasitic nematodes are of a great economic importance because of their spe-cific pathogenic effect; besides their direct harmful effect on plant’s root system they transmit various virus infections: grapevine leafroll virus, Arabis mosaic virus etc

Biological agents for plant protection against plant parasitic nematodes and other pathogens, and perspectives of their use in the 21st century

Different strains of antagonistic bacteria and fungi have been actively tested for the last several years in order to discover their complex fungicidal , bactericidal and nematicidal activity in different plant communities and regions of Russia. This work is targeted for elaboration of environmentally friendly and energy-saving methods of plant protection. Bacterial strains of Pseudomonas and Bacillus, that possess not only fungicidal but also bactericidal and nematicidal effects, were revealed in the results of pot, laboratory and field experiments. These strains could regulate the number of virus-vector nematodes of Longidoridae and Trichodoridae and their associated viruses. Also, the strains could be shown to stimulate plant growth and high yield of different varieties of test-plants. They should be considered to be the natural regulators of the quantity and the distribution of parasites. This work was supported by grant RFFI 05-04-49237