Нейроэндокринные опухоли мочевыделительной системы: обзор литературы

Most often, neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is found in the gastrointestinal tract, broncho-pulmonary system, but they can also occur in other organs, such as the kidney, bladder, which is of most interest because of the rarity of this pathology. Until recently, there was not even a proper morphological classification for kidney NEC, and among some histological types, such as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney, only about 7 cases were recorded, and independent bladder carcinoids, about 15 cases. Currently, there are no clinical and morphological features of the NEC of the kidney and bladder, fundamentally distinguishing them from other neuroendocrine tumors and “classic” cancer of the same localization. This article also provides the data of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology on the incidence of all malignant neoplasms of the urinary system.Наиболее часто нейроэндокринные неоплазии (neuroendocrine carcinoma, NEC) встречаются в желудочно-кишечном тракте и бронхолегочной системе, однако могут возникать и в других органах, таких как почки, мочевой пузырь, что представляет большой интерес ввиду редкости этих новообразований. До недавнего времени отсутствовала морфологическая классификация NEC почки. Среди некоторых гистологических типов, например таких как крупноклеточная нейроэндокринная карцинома почки, зафиксировано всего 7 случаев, а самостоятельных высокодифференцированных нейроэндокринных карцином мочевого пузыря – 15. В настоящее время не существует клинических и морфологических особенностей NEC почки и мочевого пузыря, принципиально отличающих их от других нейроэндокринных опухолей и «классического» рака той же локализации. В настоящей статье представлены сравнительные данные НМИЦ онкологии им Н. Н. Блохина по заболеваемости NEC и другими злокачественными новообразованиями мочевыделительной системы

Microwave radiothermometry in the diagnosis and evaluation of the neoadjuvant treatment of patients with breast cancer

Microwave mammography permits thermal changes to be estimated both within the breast and onto its surface. It is obvious that ireplace X-ray mammography or ultrasonography (USG) since it gives no information on breast structural changes, which is very nefor a physician.At the same time microwave mammography can yield additional information on the magnitude of proliferative processes and on the thermal activity of tissue. In many cases, this information may be decisive in elaborating treatment policy.Due to its simplicity , non-invasiveness, and safety , decimetric microw ave radiothermometry may be a promising method for diagno sing breast cancer and evaluating the efficiency of its treatment. When used in combination with X-ray study and USG, this technique provides incomparable assistance in defining the management of patients. The concurrent use of mammography , USG, and radiothermometric d iag- nosis of the breast assists in reducing the level of diagnostic errors to 1-3%

Predictors of overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Objective: to estimate overall survival (OS) rates in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), who have received currently available drugs and to identify the predictors of OS.Subjects and methods. The case histories of 112 patients with mCRPC treated at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center in 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients had received standard regimens based on docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate in combination with prednisolone.Results. Whatever the treatment option was, three-year OS rate was 32.0 ± 5.44 %; median survival was 24.3 months. The following poor prognostic factors for OS were pain syndrome; an ECOG performance status score of 2; the levels of prostate-specific antigen ≥ 288 ng/ml, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 450 U/l, alkaline phosphatase ≥ 250 U/l, calcium < 2.28 mmol/l, and hemoglobin < 11.5 g/dl; as well as < 24 months’ duration of a response to hormonal therapy.Conclusion. The use of standard drug treatment regimen for mCRPC may increase survival in this category of patients to achieve 3-years OV; and the identified factors of OV may aid in choosing treatment policy

Laparoscopic surgery in treatment of patients with endometrial cancer and obesity

The paper evaluates the role and place of laparoscopic surgery in treatment of patients with endometrial cancer and obesity. It describes the types of similar operations: laparoscopic hysterectomy ± pelvic lymphadenectomy. Overall and disease-free survival is reported to be the same with both laparoscopy and open surgery

Neuroendocrine tumors of the urinary system: literature review

Most often, neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is found in the gastrointestinal tract, broncho-pulmonary system, but they can also occur in other organs, such as the kidney, bladder, which is of most interest because of the rarity of this pathology. Until recently, there was not even a proper morphological classification for kidney NEC, and among some histological types, such as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney, only about 7 cases were recorded, and independent bladder carcinoids, about 15 cases. Currently, there are no clinical and morphological features of the NEC of the kidney and bladder, fundamentally distinguishing them from other neuroendocrine tumors and “classic” cancer of the same localization. This article also provides the data of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology on the incidence of all malignant neoplasms of the urinary system

METASTASIS OF BREAST CANCER IN THE OVARIES. SURVIVAL AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS

Introduction. In 70 % of patients with metastases of breast cancer in the ovaries, ovarian damage is detected simultaneously with the primary tumor, which affects the choice of tactics for diagnosis and treatment of such patients.Materials and methods. The data of 30 patients with breast cancer with ovarian metastases and 35 patients with breast cancer without metastatic ovarian damage, which comprised the main and control groups. The groups were comparable in terms of main demographic and clinical features. Results. In the study of distant indicators, it is proved that the presence of metastases in the ovaries is a reliable adverse factor predicting a 3-year overall survival of patients older than 50 years who are in menopause and who received combined treatment.Conclusions. Surgical treatment significantly increases the 3and 5-year overall survival of breast cancer patients with ovarian metastases (83.3 %), while the combined treatment of such patients does not significantly affect overall survival despite the high sensitivity of breast cancer to chemotherapy. This may be due to the fact that the patients included in the study who received the combined treatment had metastases to other organs (liver, lungs, bones)