14 research outputs found
Comparison of xylazine and lidocaine effects for analgesia and cardiopulmonary functions following lumbosacral epidural injection in goats
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 1999, A 49:605–611The present study was carried out in order to compare the effects of xylazine and lidocaine on
analgesia and cardiopulmonary parameters following epidural injection in goats.
Twelve healthy Small East African goats of both sexes (mean 2 SD; 15.6 2 1.9 kg body weight)
were used. The goats were randomly assigned to two groups of five and seven animals. The first group
(n = 5) was given 2 % lidocaine-HCl at 4400 mg/kg body weight. The second group (n = 7) was administered
2 % xylazine-HCl at 150 mg/kg body weight. All drugs were diluted in 5 ml of sterile water and were
injected epidurally through the lumbosacral interspace with the injection taking over 20 s.
Both drugs induced analgesia within 5 min. Signs of sedation, cardiopulmonary changes and lateral
recumbency developed within 5–7 min after administration of epidural xylazine. Tail flaccidity and hind
limb paralysis developed 3 min after epidural administration of lidocaine. The time from recumbency to
regaining normal stance was 60 and 158 min for xylazine- and lidocaine-treated animals respectively.
Xylazine induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum, which extended to the head and
forelimbs. In contrast, lidocaine induced adequate bilateral flank and perineal analgesia extending up to
the third thoracic vertebra. For both drugs, analgesia of the flank and perineum persisted for the entire
180-min observational period. Epidural injection of xylazine and lidocaine caused variable depression
effects on the cardiopulmonary values but was not so low as to cause concern.
It is concluded that lumbosacral epidural injection of xylazine at 150 mg/kg body weight in 5 ml of
water for injection offers the most desirable sedation and analgesia of the flank and perineum. The longer
duration of analgesia may be useful for postoperative analgesia and relief of continuous straining in goats
Analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects of epidurally injected medetomidine (Domitor ® ) in goats
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2000, A49:65–72This study was carried out in order to evaluate the analgesic, sedative, immobilizing and cardio-
pulmonary effects of medetomidine in goats after lumbosacral epidural injection of three (10, 20 and
30 mg/kg body weight) doses. The volume of the injection for all three medetomidine doses was 5 ml in
sterile water. Seventeen clinically healthy, Small East African goats of either sex and weighing between 12
and 22 kg (mean 2 SD; 14.8 2 2.5 kg body weight) were used. The animals were randomly assigned to
two groups. Seven goats were used for evaluating analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects while
10 were used for experimental surgery. The cardiopulmonary values and rectal temperature were determined
and recorded at time 0 (preinjection) and at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min, and thereafter at 15-min intervals up
to 180 min after injection. Analgesia of the flank and perineum was determined at time 0 (preinjection)
and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min using a scoring system. The spread of analgesia to the thorax,
neck, forelimbs and head was also determined and recorded. The onset and duration of lateral recumbency
was noted and recorded. Medetomidine at the given doses induced variable cardiopulmonary depression,
which was not detrimental to the animals. All three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) of medetomidine induced
adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Analgesia extended to the thorax, forelimbs, neck and head.
The duration of lateral recumbency was 136 and 166 min for the 20 and 30 mg/kg medetomidine doses,
respectively. The duration of lateral recumbency was not determined for the animal given 10 mg/kg
medetomidine. Signs of sedation (lowering of the head, drooping of the lower lip, partial to complete
closure of the eyes and salivation) were noted after administration of all three doses. It can be concluded
from this study that all three doses induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Surgical analgesia
of the flank of goats was achieved after lumbosacral epidural administration of 20 mg medetomidine/kg,
diluted in 5 ml of sterile water. Surgery was not performed with the other doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) of
medetomidine
Analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects of epidurally injected medetomidine (Domitor ® ) in goats
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2000, A49:65–72This study was carried out in order to evaluate the analgesic, sedative, immobilizing and cardio-
pulmonary effects of medetomidine in goats after lumbosacral epidural injection of three (10, 20 and
30 mg/kg body weight) doses. The volume of the injection for all three medetomidine doses was 5 ml in
sterile water. Seventeen clinically healthy, Small East African goats of either sex and weighing between 12
and 22 kg (mean 2 SD; 14.8 2 2.5 kg body weight) were used. The animals were randomly assigned to
two groups. Seven goats were used for evaluating analgesic, behavioural and cardiopulmonary effects while
10 were used for experimental surgery. The cardiopulmonary values and rectal temperature were determined
and recorded at time 0 (preinjection) and at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min, and thereafter at 15-min intervals up
to 180 min after injection. Analgesia of the flank and perineum was determined at time 0 (preinjection)
and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min using a scoring system. The spread of analgesia to the thorax,
neck, forelimbs and head was also determined and recorded. The onset and duration of lateral recumbency
was noted and recorded. Medetomidine at the given doses induced variable cardiopulmonary depression,
which was not detrimental to the animals. All three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) of medetomidine induced
adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Analgesia extended to the thorax, forelimbs, neck and head.
The duration of lateral recumbency was 136 and 166 min for the 20 and 30 mg/kg medetomidine doses,
respectively. The duration of lateral recumbency was not determined for the animal given 10 mg/kg
medetomidine. Signs of sedation (lowering of the head, drooping of the lower lip, partial to complete
closure of the eyes and salivation) were noted after administration of all three doses. It can be concluded
from this study that all three doses induced adequate analgesia of the flank and perineum. Surgical analgesia
of the flank of goats was achieved after lumbosacral epidural administration of 20 mg medetomidine/kg,
diluted in 5 ml of sterile water. Surgery was not performed with the other doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) of
medetomidine
Seasonal changes in nutritional status and reproductive performance of Zebu cows kept under a traditional agro-pastoral system in Tanzania
Trop Anim Health Prod (2006) 38:511–519
DOI 10.1007/s11250-006-4419-zThe objectives of this study were to assess
changes in nutritional status/body condition score, percentage
pregnancy and calving rate in Zebu cows and
to establish the relationship between body condition
score loss and postpartum interval to resumption of
ovarian activity. A total of 198 cows and postpubertal
heifers of the Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu kept under
a traditional management system were randomly
selected from 200 smallholder herds. Factors investigated
during bi-weekly visits include body condition
score (BCS), heart-girth circumference, milk yield
and reproductive status of the animals, pregnancy/nonpregnancy
and cyclicity/non-cyclicity. Local weather
conditions and dates of occurrence of other reproductive
events such as calving were also recorded. Calvings
occurred all year round but with a strong seasonal distribution
characterized by annual peaks observed between
April and July. The annual calving pattern was closely
related to rainfall, with peak precipitation occurring a
few months before peak calving. The overall percentage
pregnancy varied from 30% to 50% throughout the
N. L. Kanuya ( ) · M. K. Matiko · R. Nkya ·
S. B. P. Bittegeko · M. N. Mgasa
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University
of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
e-mail: [email protected]
O. Reksen · E. Ropstad
Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences,
Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
year. Postpartum cows exhibited minimum mean BCS
and heart-girth circumference 12–14 weeks after calving,
and cows with BCS loss >1 point exhibited the
longest time interval from calving to onset of ovarian
activity