Surface runoff estimation and prediction regarding LULC and climate dynamics using coupled LTM, optimized ARIMA and distributed-GIS-based SCS-CN models at tropical region

The integration of precipitation intensity and LULC forecasting have played a significant role in prospect surface runoff, allowing for an extension of the lead time that enables a more timely implementation of the control measures. The current study proposes a full-package model to monitor the changes in surface runoff in addition to forecasting the future surface runoff based on LULC and precipitation factors. On one hand, six different LULC classes from Spot-5 satellite image were extracted by object-based Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Conjointly, Land Transformation Model (LTM) was used to detect the LULC pixel changes from 2000 to 2010 as well as predict the 2020. On the other hand, ARIMA model was applied to the analysis and forecasting the rainfall trends. The parameters of ARIMA time series model were calibrated and fitted statistically to minimize the prediction uncertainty by latest Taguchi method. Rainfall and streamflow data recorded in eight nearby gauging stations were engaged to train, forecast, and calibrate the climate hydrological models. Then, distributed-GIS-based SCS-CN model was applied to simulate the maximum probable surface runoff for 2000, 2010, and 2020. The comparison results showed that first, deforestation and urbanization have occurred upon the given time and it is anticipated to increase as well. Second, the amount of rainfall has been nonstationary declined till 2015 and this trend is estimated to continue till 2020. Third, due to the damaging changes in LULC and climate, the surface runoff has also increased till 2010 and it is forecasted to gradually exceed

Preliminary study on the use of the bio-physico-chemical hatchery tank system for larval rearing of Lampam Jawa (puntius gonionotus).

A preliminary study on the use of the Bio-Physico-Chemical Hatchery Tank System for larval rearing of Lampam Jawa (Puntius gonionotus) at two stocking densities was conducted. In treatment A, only the main tank was used but in treatments B and C the zig-zag biostreams that were linked to the main tanks were also used. Three day old larvae measuring 3.4mm in total length and weighing 0.13mg were stocked into the tanks for treatments A,B and C at the rates of 100 larvae/m3,100 larvae/m3 and 500 larvae/m3 respectively. The water quality in the tanks and the zig-zag biostreams,phytoplankton and zooplankton development,and growth of fish larvae were monitored. The dissolved oxygen content in the tanks were usually above 5.0mg/1 and the oxygen content in the downstream portion of the biostream was usually higher than that in the upstream portion of the biostream. Even though a gradual increase in the values of nitrate-nitrogen in the tanks were observed,lower phosphate phosphorus values were observed in tanks that were linked to the biostream. The phytoplankton density in the tanks that were linked to the biostream often had values that were equal or higher than that in the tank that was not linked to the biostream. Ten days after stocking of fish larvae,the tank with higher stocking density had comparatively lower densities of macrozooplankton. Fish that were stocked at the rate of 100 larvae/m3 grew faster than fish that were stocked at the rate of 500 larvae/m3 and fish that were cultures in the tank that was linked to the biostream grew faster. The number and total weight of fry that were harvested from the tanks in treatments A,B and C were 2415 (1099g),3809 (1752g) and 7590 (885g) respectively and these values corresponded to the survival rates of 72%,88% and 35%

Durability studies of single cylinder diesel engine running on emulsion fuel

Emulsion fuel is one of alternative fuel for diesel engines. This study is to investigate the durability of a diesel engine that is running on emulsion fuels. Two emulsion fuels contain water, low grade diesel fuel and surfactant in the ratio of 10:89:1 v/v% (E10) and 20:79:1 v/v% (E20) has been tested for 200 h. The results of using emulsion fuels were then compared with that of Malaysian conventional diesel fuel (D2). The Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), PM (particulate matter) and exhaust temperature from the tested fuel were measured before and after 200 h durability test. Analyses were also conducted on the wear of the engine components, viscosity change of the lubricant and carbon deposit formation in the combustion chamber. Emulsion fuel operation in the test engine reduced the PM and NOx by 15.47% and 54.40% respectively but CO and CO2 increased by 95% and 34.12% respectively as compared to D2. No abnormal wear could be observed when using emulsion fuels. In addition, emulsion fuels produced less carbon deposit with 65% and 52% reduction for E10 and E20 respectively. All three test fuels exhibits minimal increments in the lubricant's viscosity values after 200 h of engine operation

Effect of emulsion fuel on engine emissions-A review

Emulsion fuel is an unconventional fuel for diesel engines, which can be used without modifications in the engine. The benefits of an emulsion fuel include lowering the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) which are harmful to health and cause diesel engines to suffer. This paper explains in detail the effect of water in the emulsion fuel on the emissions of NO x, PM, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and exhaust temperature. Experimental results from various researchers show a decrease in the NO x and PM emissions simultaneously. However, the results with the increasing water percentage in emulsion fuel are not consistent for HC and CO emissions. The water content in emulsion fuel affects the combustion and reduces the peak temperature in the combustion chamber. On the other hand, microexplosion phenomenon occurs and causes an increase in the volatility of diesel fuel which improves the combustion efficiency

Performance, emissions and lubricant oil analysis of diesel engine running on emulsion fuel

Emulsion fuel is one of the alternative fuels for diesel engines which are well-known for simultaneous reduction of Particulate Matter (PM) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions. However lack of studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of emulsion fuel usage for long run. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of lubricant oil in diesel engine that operated using emulsion fuels for 200 h in comparison with Malaysian conventional diesel fuel (D2). Two emulsion fuels were used in the experiment comprising of water, low grade diesel fuel and surfactant; with ratio of 10:89:1 v/v% (E10) and 20:79:1 v/v% (E20). Engine tests were focused on fuel consumption, NOx, PM, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2) and exhaust temperature. Parameters for the lubricant oil analysis measured were included kinematic viscosity, Total Acid Number (TAN), ash, water content, flash point, soot, wear metals and additive elements. The findings showed the fuel consumption were up to 33.33% (including water) and lower 9.57% (without water) using emulsion. The NOx and PM were reduced by 51% and 14% respectively by using emulsion fuel. Kinematic viscosity, TAN, ash, water content, flash point and soot for emulsion fuel were observed to be better or no changes in comparison to D2. The emulsion fuel did not cause any excessive amount of metals or degraded the additive. The average percentage of wear debris concentration reduction by emulsion fuel were 8.2%, 9.1%, 16.3% and 21.0% for Iron (Fe) Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) as compared to D2 respectively