Relativnost pojma ren (človečnost): Ponovna raziskava odsekov 2A6 in 6A6 knjige Mencij s perspektive izkušenjske samointrospekcije

A textual difference exists between 2A6 and 6A6 of the Mengzi: In 2A6, the heart-mind of ceyin (compassion), xiuwu (shame), cirang (courtesy and modesty), and shifei (moral judgement) are said to be the four “duan” (germs) of ren (humaneness), yi (optimal appropriateness), li (observance of the rites), and zhi (wisdom), whereas in 6A6, the term “duan” is not found. For this reason, some scholars today criticize the interpretation that translates “duan” as “starting point”, which implies a substantial difference between the four germs and ren, yi, li, and zhi that apparently does not exist in 6A6. Instead, these scholars prefer another interpretation that takes “duan” as an indication of the essential sameness between the four germs and ren, yi, li, and zhi that are originally possessed by a morally perfect heart-mind. This essay re-evaluates these two interpretations. First, it argues that compared to the first, the second interpretation’s argument for a morally perfect heart-mind is less compatible with the nature of Mengzi’s moral philosophy as a teaching that focuses on self-introspection and moral cultivation in experience. Second, this essay reinforces the first interpretation by demonstrating the existence of two different senses of ren (as well as yi, li, and zhi) in the Mengzi, thus allowing it to coherently suggest that the heart-mind possessing the four germs as innate moral feelings is the same as the “relatively antecedent” ren, which is, at the same time, the starting point for developing the “relatively consequent” ren that is substantially different from the former.Med odsekoma 2A6 in 6A6 knjige Mencij je naslednja tekstualna razlika: V odseku 2A6 je srce-razum, ki goji ceyin (sočutje), xiuwu (sram), cirang (vljudnost in zmernost) in shifei (moralno presojo), obravnavan kot štiri »duan« (kali) vrlin, tj. ren (človečnost), yi (optimalna primernost), li (upoštevanje obredov) in zhi (modrost). V odseku 6A6 pa pojma »duan« ni mogoče najti. Zato danes nekateri strokovnjaki kritizirajo interpretacijo, v kateri je pojem »duan« preveden kot »izhodišče«, kar implicira bistveno razliko med štirimi kalmi ter ren, yi, li in zhi, ki pa v 6A6 očitno ne obstaja. Namesto tega so ti strokovnjaki veliko bolj naklonjeni razlagi, po kateri je »duan« označba za bistveno enakost štirih kali ter ren, yi, li in zhi, ki jih izvorno poseduje moralno izpopolnjen srce-razum. Ta esej ponovno ovrednoti ti dve interpretaciji. Prvič, članek zagovarja stališče, da je v primerjavi s prvo argument druge razlage za moralno popoln srce-razum manj skladen z naravo Mencijeve moralne filozofije kot nauka, ki se osredotoča na izkušenjsko samointrospekcijo in moralno kultivacijo. Drugič, ta esej podpre drugo razlago s ponazoritvijo obstoja dveh različnih pomenov pojma ren (kot tudi yi, li in zhi) v delu Mencij. S tem pa dopušča, da ta koherentno kaže, da je srce-razum, ki poseduje štiri kali kot ponotranjena moralna občutja, enak »relativno predhodni« vrlini ren in je hkrati izhodiščna točka razvoja »relativno posledične« ren, ki pa se občutno razlikuje od prejšnje

Holography in the EPRL Model

In this research announcement, we propose a new interpretation of the EPR quantization of the BC model using a functor we call the time functor, which is the first example of a CLa-ren functor. Under the hypothesis that the universe is in the Kodama state, we construct a holographic version of the model. Generalisations to other CLa-ren functors and connections to model category theory are considered.Comment: research announcement. Latex fil

Family Gym: A Novel Initiative to Prevent Obesity among Families with Young Children

Family Gym is a program that occurs every Saturday at one of three community centers. In this program, parents bring their child(ren) in for up to 90 minutes to play in areas equipped with engaging, age-appropriate activities. Each area is staffed by student activity leaders trained to make the experience safe and fun. Parents are encouraged to play with their child(ren). The research aspect of Family Gym is observing the families and how they interact as well as their activity level. As a research team, we want to learn how parents participating in physical activity with their child(ren) affects both the parent and the child(ren)’s physical activity and health

Chao Yuen Ren (1892–1982)

Y. R. Chao is easily the most famous linguist to have come out of China. Born before the end of the last dynasty in China, he received a traditional Confucian education, but was also one of the first Chinese people to be sent to the West for training in modern Western science (under the Boxer Indemnity Fund). The remarkable breadth and scope of his studies included physics, mathematics, linguistics, musical and literary composition, and translation, and he was a pioneer in many of these fields

Emotional Attachment and Its Limits: Mengzi, Gaozi and the Guodian Discussions

Mengzi maintained that both benevolence (ren 仁) and rightness (yi 義) are naturally-given in human nature. This view has occupied a dominant place in Confucian intellectual history. In Mencius 6A, Mengzi's interlocutor, Gaozi, contests this view, arguing that rightness is determined by (doing what is fitting, in line with) external circumstances. I discuss here some passages from the excavated Guodian texts, which lend weight to Gaozi's view. The texts reveal nuanced considerations of relational proximity and its limits, setting up requirements for moral action in scenarios where relational ties do not play a motivational role. I set out yi's complexity in these discussions, highlighting its implications for (i) the nei-wai debate; (ii) the notion of yi as "rightness," or doing the right thing; and (iii) how we can understand the connection between virtue and right action in these early Confucian debates. This material from the excavated texts not only provides new perspectives on a longstanding investigation of human nature and morality, it also challenges prevailing views on Warring States Confucian intellectual history. In the well-known debate between Mengzi and Gaozi in Mencius 6A, Mengzi maintained that both ren and yi are naturally-given 1 in human nature. The figure 1 To say that ren and yi are naturally-given is not to say that they are fully-developed from the start. I use the phrase "naturally-given" throughout the paper to indicate where a particular capacity or resource (ren or yi) may be found, rather than its final polished state

Path Integrals and Voronin's Theorem on the Universality of the Riemann Zeta Function

We explore a new approach to the path integral for a latticized quantum theory. This talk is based on work with N. Khuri and H. Ren

Single item stochastic lot sizing problem considering capital flow and business overdraft

This paper introduces capital flow to the single item stochastic lot sizing problem. A retailer can leverage business overdraft to deal with unexpected capital shortage, but needs to pay interest if its available balance goes below zero. A stochastic dynamic programming model maximizing expected final capital increment is formulated to solve the problem to optimality. We then investigate the performance of four controlling policies: ($R, Q$), ($R, S$), ($s, S$) and ($s$, $\overline{Q}$, $S$); for these policies, we adopt simulation-genetic algorithm to obtain approximate values of the controlling parameters. Finally, a simulation-optimization heuristic is also employed to solve this problem. Computational comparisons among these approaches show that policy $(s, S)$ and policy $(s, \overline{Q}, S)$ provide performance close to that of optimal solutions obtained by stochastic dynamic programming, while simulation-optimization heuristic offers advantages in terms of computational efficiency. Our numerical tests also show that capital availability as well as business overdraft interest rate can substantially affect the retailer's optimal lot sizing decisions.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure

Some mosses (Pottiales) new or rarely collected in tropical Asia

Barbula zennoskeana Tan is reported new for Malaysia. Didymodon maschalogena (Ren. & Card.) Broth. (replaces Didymodon michiganensis (Steere) K. Saito) is reported new for the Philippines. Barbula murina C. Muell. nom. nud. is considered as synonymous with Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng

Could Ren\'e Descartes have known this?

Below we discuss the partition of the space of real univariate polynomials according to the number of positive and negative roots and signs of the coefficients. We present several series of non-realizable combinations of signs together with the numbers of positive and negative roots. We provide a detailed information about possible non-realizable combinations as above up to degree 8 as well as a general conjecture about such combinations.Comment: 15 pages, no figure