The internationalization of Chinese and Indian firms: trends, motivations and policy implications

The rapid rise in the overseas investments of Indian and Chinese firms has attracted widespread attention in recent years. To a large extent, the growing internationalization of these emerging economies has been driven by a search for resources, technology and related assets. What are the implications of this for foreign direct investment policy in both the source and the recipient countries? Furthermore, how will the ongoing global financial crisis affect the continued expansion of multinationals from the two countries, which have relied on international markets to fund their investments

The internationalization of Chinese and Indian firms: trends, motivations and strategy

The last two decades have seen significant internationalization of firms from developing economies, in terms of their greater participation in international trade, growing outflows of foreign direct investment (FDI), and a recent surge in their cross-border mergers and acquisition activity. Outward investment from developing countries is not a new phenomenon but in recent years there has been a marked increase in the magnitude of flows and a qualitative transformation in their pattern. Within this broad trend, the growing internationalization of firms from two fastgrowing developing countries, China and India, is particularly notable. Exports have been a central feature of the growth of the Chinese economy over the last three decades and, more recently, they have made a visible contribution to Indian growth too. Outward FDI from China and India has grown rapidly in recent years, and firms from these two countries are increasingly involved in overseas mergers and acquisitions

Optimal recovery from microburst wind shear

Severe low-altitude wind variability represents an infrequent but significant hazard to aircraft taking off or landing. During the period from 1964 to 1985, microburst wind shear was a contributing factor in at least 26 civil aviation accidents involving nearly 500 fatalities and over 200 injuries. A microburst is a strong localized downdraft that strikes the ground, creating winds that diverge radially from the impact point. The physics of microbursts have only been recently understood in detail, and it has been found that effective recovery from inadvertent encounters may require piloting techniques that are counter-intuitive to flight crews. The goal of this work was to optimize the flight path of a twin-jet transport aircraft encountering a microburst during approach to landing. The objective was to execute an escape maneuver that maintained safe ground clearance and an adequate stall margin during the climb-out portion of the trajectory

Achievable rate region for three user discrete broadcast channel based on coset codes

We present an achievable rate region for the general three user discrete memoryless broadcast channel, based on nested coset codes. We characterize 3-to-1 discrete broadcast channels, a class of broadcast channels for which the best known coding technique\footnote{We henceforth refer to this as Marton's coding for three user discrete broadcast channel.}, which is obtained by a natural generalization of that proposed by Marton for the general two user discrete broadcast channel, is strictly sub-optimal. In particular, we identify a novel 3-to-1 discrete broadcast channel for which Marton's coding is \textit{analytically} proved to be strictly suboptimal. We present achievable rate regions for the general 3-to-1 discrete broadcast channels, based on nested coset codes, that strictly enlarge Marton's rate region for the aforementioned channel. We generalize this to present achievable rate region for the general three user discrete broadcast channel. Combining together Marton's coding and that proposed herein, we propose the best known coding technique, for a general three user discrete broadcast channel.Comment: A non-additive 3-user discrete broadcast channel is identified for which achievable rate region based on coset codes is analytically proven to be strictly larger than that achievable using unstructured iid codes. This version is submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information Theor

Mobile vector soliton in a spin-orbit coupled spin-11 condensate

We study the formation of bound states and three-component bright vector solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional spin-orbit-coupled hyperfine spin $f=1$ Bose-Einstein condensate using numerical solution and variational approximation of a mean-field model. In the antiferromagnetic domain, the solutions are time-reversal symmetric, and the component densities have multi-peak structure. In the ferromagnetic domain, the solutions violate time-reversal symmetry, and the component densities have single-peak structure. The dynamics of the system is not Galelian invariant. From an analysis of Galelian invariance, we establish that the single-peak ferromagnetic vector solitons are true solitons and can move maintaining constant component densities, whereas the antiferromagnetic solitons cannot move with constant component densities

Vector solitons in a spin-orbit coupled spin-22 Bose-Einstein condensate

Five-component minimum-energy bound states and mobile vector solitons of a spin-orbit-coupled quasi-one-dimensional hyperfine-spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensate are studied using the numerical solution and variational approximation of a mean-field model. Two distinct types of solutions with single-peak and multi-peak density distribution of the components are identified in different domains of interaction parameters. From an analysis of Galilean invariance and time-reversal symmetry of the Hamiltonian, we establish that vector solitons with multi-peak density distribution preserve time-reversal symmetry, but cannot propagate maintaining the shape of individual components. However, those with single-peak density distribution violate time-reversal symmetry of the Hamiltonian, but can propagate with a constant velocity maintaining the shape of individual components

Computing sum of sources over an arbitrary multiple access channel

The problem of computing sum of sources over a multiple access channel (MAC) is considered. Building on the technique of linear computation coding (LCC) proposed by Nazer and Gastpar [2007], we employ the ensemble of nested coset codes to derive a new set of sufficient conditions for computing the sum of sources over an \textit{arbitrary} MAC. The optimality of nested coset codes [Padakandla, Pradhan 2011] enables this technique outperform LCC even for linear MAC with a structural match. Examples of nonadditive MAC for which the technique proposed herein outperforms separation and systematic based computation are also presented. Finally, this technique is enhanced by incorporating separation based strategy, leading to a new set of sufficient conditions for computing the sum over a MAC.Comment: Contains proof of the main theorem and a few minor corrections. Contents of this article have been accepted for presentation at ISIT201

Phase separation in a spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate

We study a spin-orbit (SO) coupled hyperfine spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a quasi-one-dimensional trap. For a SO-coupled BEC in a one-dimensional box, we show that in the absence of the Rabi term, any non-zero value of SO coupling will result in a phase separation among the components for a ferromagnetic BEC, like $^{87}$Rb. On the other hand, SO coupling favors miscibility in a polar BEC, like $^{23}$Na. In the presence of a harmonic trap, which favors miscibility, a ferromagnetic BEC phase separates, provided the SO-coupling strength and number of atoms are greater than some critical value. The Rabi term favors miscibility irrespective of the nature of the spin interaction: ferromagnetic or polar