9,956 research outputs found
Direct Experimental Evidence of Metal-Mediated Etching of Suspended Graphene
Atomic resolution high angle annular dark field imaging of suspended,
single-layer graphene, onto which the metals Cr, Ti, Pd, Ni, Al and Au atoms
had been deposited was carried out in an aberration corrected scanning
transmission electron microscope. In combination with electron energy loss
spectroscopy, employed to identify individual impurity atoms, it was shown that
nano-scale holes were etched into graphene, initiated at sites where single
atoms of all the metal species except for gold come into close contact with the
graphene. The e-beam scanning process is instrumental in promoting metal atoms
from clusters formed during the original metal deposition process onto the
clean graphene surface, where they initiate the hole-forming process. Our
observations are discussed in the light of calculations in the literature,
predicting a much lowered vacancy formation in graphene when metal ad-atoms are
present. The requirement and importance of oxygen atoms in this process,
although not predicted by such previous calculations, is also discussed,
following our observations of hole formation in pristine graphene in the
presence of Si-impurity atoms, supported by new calculations which predict a
dramatic decrease of the vacancy formation energy, when SiOx molecules are
present.Comment: final version accepted in ACS Nano + supplementary info. 22+6 pages,
4+5 figure
Bell inequality for pairs of particle-number-superselection-rule restricted states
Proposals for Bell inequality tests on systems restricted by superselection
rules often require operations that are difficult to implement in practice. In
this paper, we derive a new Bell inequality, where pairs of states are used to
by-pass the superselection rule. In particular, we focus on mode entanglement
of an arbitrary number of massive particles and show that our Bell inequality
detects the entanglement in the pair when other inequalities fail. However, as
the number of particles in the system increases, the violation of our Bell
inequality decreases due to the restriction in the measurement space caused by
the superselection rule. This Bell test can be implemented using techniques
that are routinely used in current experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures; v2 is the published versio
Chemical Abundance Study of One Red Giant Star in NGC 5694 : A Globular Cluster with Dwarf Spheroidals' Chemical Signature?
We report the abundance analysis of one red giant branch star in the
metal-poor outer halo globular cluster NGC 5694. We obtain [Fe/H] = -1.93,
based on the ionized lines, and our metallicity measurement is in good
agreement with previous estimates. We find that [Ca+Ti/2Fe] and [Cu/Fe] of NGC
5694 are about 0.3 -- 0.4 dex lower than other globular clusters with similar
metallicities, but similar to some LMC clusters and stars in some dwarf
spheroidal galaxies. Differences persist, however, in the abundances of neutron
capture elements. The unique chemical abundance pattern and the large
Galactocentric distance (30 kpc) and radial velocity (-138.6 +/- 1.0 km/sec)
indicate that NGC 5694 had an extragalactic origin.Comment: ApJL accepte
A special irreducible matrix representation of the real Clifford algebra C(3,1)
4x4 Dirac (gamma) matrices (irreducible matrix representations of the
Clifford algebras C(3,1), C(1,3), C(4,0)) are an essential part of many
calculations in quantum physics. Although the final physical results do not
depend on the applied representation of the Dirac matrices (e.g. due to the
invariance of traces of products of Dirac matrices), the appropriate choice of
the representation used may facilitate the analysis. The present paper
introduces a particularly symmetric real representation of 4x4 Dirac matrices
(Majorana representation) which may prove useful in the future. As a byproduct,
a compact formula for (transformed) Pauli matrices is found. The consideration
is based on the role played by isoclinic 2-planes in the geometry of the real
Clifford algebra C(3,0) which provide an invariant geometric frame for it. It
can be generalized to larger Clifford algebras.Comment: 23 pages LaTeX, to appear in the J. Math. Phys. (v2: appendix B on
Pauli matrices and references are added, minor other changes
Charge states and magnetic ordering in LaMnO3/SrTiO3 superlattices
We investigated the magnetic and optical properties of
[(LaMnO3)n/(SrTiO3)8]20 (n = 1, 2, and 8) superlattices grown by pulsed laser
deposition. We found a weak ferromagnetic and semiconducting state developed in
all superlattices. An analysis of the optical conductivity showed that the
LaMnO3 layers in the superlattices were slightly doped. The amount of doping
was almost identical regardless of the LaMnO3 layer thickness up to eight unit
cells, suggesting that the effect is not limited to the interface. On the other
hand, the magnetic ordering became less stable as the LaMnO3 layer thickness
decreased, probably due to a dimensional effect.Comment: 17 pages including 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Evidence of metallic clustering in annealed Ga1-xMnxAs from atypical scaling behavior of the anomalous Hall coefficient
We report on the anomalous Hall coefficient and longitudinal resistivity
scaling relationships on a series of annealed Ga1-xMnxAs epilayers (x~0.055).
As-grown samples exhibit scaling parameter n of ~ 1. Near the optimal annealing
temperature, we find n ~ 2 to be consistent with recent theories on the
intrinsic origins of anomalous Hall Effect in Ga1-xMnxAs. For annealing
temperatures far above the optimum, we note n > 3, similar behavior to certain
inhomogeneous systems. This observation of atypical behavior agrees well with
characteristic features attributable to spherical resonance from metallic
inclusions from optical spectroscopy measurements.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
Condensation and Clustering in the Driven Pair Exclusion Process
We investigate particle condensation in a driven pair exclusion process on
one- and two- dimensional lattices under the periodic boundary condition. The
model describes a biased hopping of particles subject to a pair exclusion
constraint that each particle cannot stay at a same site with its pre-assigned
partner. The pair exclusion causes a mesoscopic condensation characterized by
the scaling of the condensate size and the number of
condensates with the total number of sites .
Those condensates are distributed randomly without hopping bias. We find that
the hopping bias generates a spatial correlation among condensates so that a
cluster of condensates appears. Especially, the cluster has an anisotropic
shape in the two-dimensional system. The mesoscopic condensation and the
clustering are studied by means of numerical simulations.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
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