51 research outputs found
Ex vivo gadoxetate relaxivities in rat liver tissue and blood at five magnetic field strengths from 1.41 to 7 T
Quantitative mapping of gadoxetate uptake and excretion rates in liver cells has shown potential to significantly improve the management of chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Unfortunately, technical and clinical validation of the technique is currently hampered by the lack of data on gadoxetate relaxivity. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by measuring gadoxetate relaxivity in liver tissue, which approximates hepatocytes, in blood, urine and bile at magnetic field strengths of 1.41, 1.5, 3, 4.7 and 7 T. Measurements were performed ex vivo in 44 female Mrp2 knockout rats and 30 female wildâtype rats who had received an intravenous bolus of either 10, 25 or 40 ÎŒmol/kg gadoxetate. T1 was measured at 37 ± 3°C on NMR instruments (1.41 and 3 T), smallâanimal MRI (4.7 and 7 T) and clinical MRI (1.5 and 3 T). Gadolinium concentration was measured with optical emission spectrometry or mass spectrometry. The impact on measurements of gadoxetate rate constants was determined by generalizing pharmacokinetic models to tissues with different relaxivities. Relaxivity values (L mmolâ1 sâ1) showed the expected dependency on tissue/biofluid type and field strength, ranging from 15.0 ± 0.9 (1.41) to 6.0 ± 0.3 (7) T in liver tissue, from 7.5 ± 0.2 (1.41) to 6.2 ± 0.3 (7) T in blood, from 5.6 ± 0.1 (1.41) to 4.5 ± 0.1 (7) T in urine and from 5.6 ± 0.4 (1.41) to 4.3 ± 0.6 (7) T in bile. Failing to correct for the relaxivity difference between liver tissue and blood overestimates intracellular uptake rates by a factor of 2.0 at 1.41 T, 1.8 at 1.5 T, 1.5 at 3 T and 1.2 at 4.7 T. The relaxivity values derived in this study can be used retrospectively and prospectively to remove a wellâknown bias in gadoxetate rate constants. This will promote the clinical translation of MRâbased liver function assessment by enabling direct validation against reference methods and a more effective translation between in vitro findings, animal models and patient studies
Coherent States Measurement Entropy
Coherent states (CS) quantum entropy can be split into two components. The
dynamical entropy is linked with the dynamical properties of a quantum system.
The measurement entropy, which tends to zero in the semiclassical limit,
describes the unpredictability induced by the process of a quantum approximate
measurement. We study the CS--measurement entropy for spin coherent states
defined on the sphere discussing different methods dealing with the time limit
. In particular we propose an effective technique of computing
the entropy by iterated function systems. The dependence of CS--measurement
entropy on the character of the partition of the phase space is analysed.Comment: revtex, 22 pages, 14 figures available upon request (e-mail:
[email protected]). Submitted to J.Phys.
Accessibility analysis for automatic inspection in CMMs by using bounding volume hierarchies
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of TransporterMediated Hepatic Disposition of Imaging Biomarker Gadoxetate in Rats
[Image: see text] Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly used in drug development to simulate changes in both systemic and tissue exposures that arise as a result of changes in enzyme and/or transporter activity. Verification of these model-based simulations of tissue exposure is challenging in the case of transporter-mediated drugâdrug interactions (tDDI), in particular as these may lead to differential effects on substrate exposure in plasma and tissues/organs of interest. Gadoxetate, a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, is a substrate of organic-anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). In this study, we developed a gadoxetate PBPK model and explored the use of liver-imaging data to achieve and refine in vitroâin vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of gadoxetate hepatic transporter kinetic data. In addition, PBPK modeling was used to investigate gadoxetate hepatic tDDI with rifampicin i.v. 10 mg/kg. In vivo dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI data of gadoxetate in rat blood, spleen, and liver were used in this analysis. Gadoxetate in vitro uptake kinetic data were generated in plated rat hepatocytes. Mean (%CV) in vitro hepatocyte uptake unbound MichaelisâMenten constant (K(m,u)) of gadoxetate was 106 ÎŒM (17%) (n = 4 rats), and active saturable uptake accounted for 94% of total uptake into hepatocytes. PBPKâIVIVE of these data (bottom-up approach) captured reasonably systemic exposure, but underestimated the in vivo gadoxetate DCEâMRI profiles and elimination from the liver. Therefore, in vivo rat DCEâMRI liver data were subsequently used to refine gadoxetate transporter kinetic parameters in the PBPK model (top-down approach). Active uptake into the hepatocytes refined by the liver-imaging data was one order of magnitude higher than the one predicted by the IVIVE approach. Finally, the PBPK model was fitted to the gadoxetate DCEâMRI data (blood, spleen, and liver) obtained with and without coadministered rifampicin. Rifampicin was estimated to inhibit active uptake transport of gadoxetate into the liver by 96%. The current analysis highlighted the importance of gadoxetate liver data for PBPK model refinement, which was not feasible when using the blood data alone, as is common in PBPK modeling applications. The results of our study demonstrate the utility of organ-imaging data in evaluating and refining PBPK transporter IVIVE to support the subsequent model use for quantitative evaluation of hepatic tDDI
The effect of build orientation on both flexural quasi-static and fatigue behaviours of filament deposited PA6 polymer
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