The potential role of the orexin reward system in future treatments for opioid drug abuse

Despite a history of more than a century of intense research in drug addiction, with currently available medication and behavioral therapy, the rate of relapse to drug use is 40�60 percent within a year after the cessation of treatment. The discovery of the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin in 1998 and subsequent research during the past 20 years revealed an important role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in driving the reward pathway. The present review includes an overview of the orexinergic system and focuses on the role of LH orexin neurons targeting different components of the brain's reward pathway in addictive behaviors. Among major animal models of drug reinforcement and addictive behaviors, we narrowed our focus to include conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration methods. In this regard, studies on both orexin-1 receptors (OX1Rs) and orexin-2 receptors (OX2Rs) have shown some positive results, suggesting that single orexin receptor antagonists (SORAs) and dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) may hold promising efficacy in the treatment of addiction compared to the currently used methods. We conclude that since current evidence is still preliminary, development of new SORA and DORA compounds and their evaluation in animal and clinical studies will guide us in our future efforts for developing effective medication. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

Applicability Of Multi‐Reference Many‐Body Perturbation Theory To The Determination Of Potential Energy Surfaces: A Model Study

The recently written CI‐based multi‐reference many‐body perturbation theory (MR‐MBPT) program package is exploited to study a simple ab initio minimum basis set model involving four hydrogen atoms in a rectangular configuration. This model was examined earlier by several authors using both coupled cluster (CC) and finite‐order MBPT approaches. Here we present the MR‐MBPT results up to the 50th order and examine the effect of various shifting techniques on the convergence behavior of this approach. It is shown that in contrast with CC methods, both single and MR finite‐order MBPT potential energy calculations are plagued with convergency and intruder state problems, which can be particularly severe when the latter approach is employed for non‐degenerate situations. Copyright © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Emission Spectroscopy Of Reactive Low-Voltage Ion Plating For Metal-Oxide Thin Films

Excited species in the plasma present during reactive low-voltage ion plating (RLVIP) of refractory oxide films are studied by using emission spectroscopy. We believe we have found a higher ratio of atomic to molecular oxygen then reported for earlier analyses that employed a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The application of emission spectroscopy to the RLVIP process and self-actinometry are discussed with examples of stable and unstable processes. © 1993 Optical Society of America

The potential role of the orexin reward system in future treatments for opioid drug abuse

Despite a history of more than a century of intense research in drug addiction, with currently available medication and behavioral therapy, the rate of relapse to drug use is 40�60 percent within a year after the cessation of treatment. The discovery of the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin in 1998 and subsequent research during the past 20 years revealed an important role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in driving the reward pathway. The present review includes an overview of the orexinergic system and focuses on the role of LH orexin neurons targeting different components of the brain's reward pathway in addictive behaviors. Among major animal models of drug reinforcement and addictive behaviors, we narrowed our focus to include conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration methods. In this regard, studies on both orexin-1 receptors (OX1Rs) and orexin-2 receptors (OX2Rs) have shown some positive results, suggesting that single orexin receptor antagonists (SORAs) and dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) may hold promising efficacy in the treatment of addiction compared to the currently used methods. We conclude that since current evidence is still preliminary, development of new SORA and DORA compounds and their evaluation in animal and clinical studies will guide us in our future efforts for developing effective medication. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

The potential role of the orexin reward system in future treatments for opioid drug abuse

Despite a history of more than a century of intense research in drug addiction, with currently available medication and behavioral therapy, the rate of relapse to drug use is 40�60 percent within a year after the cessation of treatment. The discovery of the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin in 1998 and subsequent research during the past 20 years revealed an important role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in driving the reward pathway. The present review includes an overview of the orexinergic system and focuses on the role of LH orexin neurons targeting different components of the brain's reward pathway in addictive behaviors. Among major animal models of drug reinforcement and addictive behaviors, we narrowed our focus to include conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration methods. In this regard, studies on both orexin-1 receptors (OX1Rs) and orexin-2 receptors (OX2Rs) have shown some positive results, suggesting that single orexin receptor antagonists (SORAs) and dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) may hold promising efficacy in the treatment of addiction compared to the currently used methods. We conclude that since current evidence is still preliminary, development of new SORA and DORA compounds and their evaluation in animal and clinical studies will guide us in our future efforts for developing effective medication. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

Effects of alimentary whole proteins versus their small peptide hydrolysates on liver and skeletal muscle during the acute inflammation phase in the rat

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