Top quark physics at muon and other future colliders

The top quark will be extensively studied at future muon colliders. The threshold cross section can be measured precisely, and the small beam energy spread is especially effective at making the measurement useful. We report on all the activities of the top quark working group, including talks on top quark physics at other future colliders.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, Summary report of the Top Quark Working Group at the Workshop on Physics at the First Muon Collider and at the Front End of a Muon Collider, November 6-9, 1997, Fermi National Accelerator Laborator

Surface temperatures and glassy state investigations in tribology, part 4

Measurements were made of the limiting shear stress for two naphthenic oils of differing molecular weight and three blends of the lower molecular weight oil and polyalkylmethacrylate polymers of differing molecular weight. The two base oils reached the same limiting shear stress for the same temperature and pressure. This was also true for all the polymer solutions although the polymer reduced the limiting shear stress by about 15 percent. It is shown that limiting stress is more a function of material type than viscosity or molecular weight. A new falling body viscometer was constructed to operate to 230 C and 0.6 GPa. Another viscometer was constructed to extend the pressure range to 1.1 GPa. A concentrated contact simulator was developed which allows recording of the traction force while the slide-roll ratio is continuously varied and the rolling speed is maintained essentially constant by a single drive motor. The configuration is that of a crowned roller against a disk. Measurement of lubricant minimum film thickness of elliptical EHD contacts of various aspect ratios were made by optical interferometry. The data collected were used to evaluate the Hamrock and Dowson minimum film thickness model over a range of contract ellipticity ratio where the major axis of the contact ellipse was aligned both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of motion. A statistical analysis of the measured film thickness data showed that on the average the experimental data were 30 percent greater than the film thickness predicted by the model. Preliminary development of the application of a scanning infrared radiation system to a tribo-system was completed

Surface temperatures and glassy state investigations in tribology, part 3

Research related to the development of the limiting shear stress rheological model is reported. Techniques were developed for subjecting lubricants to isothermal compression in order to obtain relevant determinations of the limiting shear stress and elastic shear modulus. The isothermal compression limiting shear stress was found to predict very well the maximum traction for a given lubricant. Small amounts of side slip and twist incorporated in the model were shown to have great influence on the rising portion of the traction curve at low slide-roll ratio. The shear rheological model was also applied to a Grubin-like elastohydrodynamic inlet analysis for predicting film thicknesses when employing the limiting shear stress model material behavior

Investigations of lubricant rheology as applied to elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Measurements of lubricant shear rheological behavior in the amorphous solid region and near the liquid-solid transition are reported. Elastic, plastic and viscous behavior was observed. A shear rheological model based on primary laboratory data is proposed for concentrated contact lubrication. The model is a Maxwell model modified with a limiting shear stress. Three material properties are required: low shear stress viscosity, limiting elastic shear modulus, and the limiting shear stress the material can withstand. All three are functions of temperature and pressure. In applying the model to EHD contacts the predicted response possesses the characteristics expected from several experiments reported in the literature

The CISG Convention and Thomas Franck\u27s Theory of Legitimacy

The Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) Convention is one of the most talked-about, and written-about, aspects of international commercial law. Ss time progresses, it may become evident that significant numbers of commercial actors and significant numbers of courts and other adjudicatory bodies are simply choosing not to apply the Convention. In such event, the question as to why there should be such a reluctance to adopt the Convention will present itself. This Article finds helpful perspective on this question in the work of international legal scholar Thomas Franck. Specifically, guidance is drawn from the theory of international legitimacy developed in Professor Franck\u27s 1990 book, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations, and in his earlier Article, Legitimacy in the International System. Under Franck\u27s theory of legitimacy, each rule of international law exerts a greater or lesser pull to compliance to the extent the rule is characterized by greater or lesser legitimacy. Legitimacy itself is analyzed in terms of four factors: determinacy, symbolic validation, coherence and adherence. In so doing, this Article compares the CISG Convention with certain other international laws and rules governing other types of business transactions. It will show that every one of these other laws and rules has been more successful than the CISG. This Article then illustrates that these laws and rules have significantly more legitimacy, in Professor Franck\u27s sense, than the CISG. While it cannot at this stage be proven that the greater legitimacy of these international legal rules is the cause of their greater success, the inference is sufficiently strong to warrant serious interest. Accordingly, the Article concludes that, in order for the CISG Convention to achieve its maximum range of success, certain adjustments in the manner in which it will be enforced and applied may be appropriate to increase international legitimacy. Repository Citatio

The Reagan Doctrine, the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, and the Role of a Sole Superpower

Symposiu

How a Marriage Discrimination Amendment Would Disrespect Democracy in Minnesota

The proposed marriage discrimination amendment to the Minnesota Constitution is profoundly anti-democratic. It is extremely wide-ranging in its scope, it obliterates the opportunity of the LGBT community to legislatively advance its interests in the area, it falsely assumes characteristics of the state judiciary that do not in fact exist, and it is drafted with language that is particularly hostile to LGBT concerns and democracy in general. It was a triumph for reason and democracy that this amendment was defeated in 2006. It should never be introduced again. In the unfortunate event that it is introduced again, it should be resoundingly defeated

Levels of Generality and the Protection of LBGT Rights Before the United Nations General Assembly

Various countries around the world have been according greater protection to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in recent years. At the same time, in other countries, the rights of LGBT people are becoming more threatened. Against this backdrop, it is worth noting that the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly has never issued a resolution specifically protecting or advancing the rights of LGBT people. This is remarkable given the significant role the General Assembly has had in promulgating international human rights. From the standpoint of advocates for LGBT rights, it would be desirable for the General Assembly to issue such a resolution. This article suggests part of a strategy to be implemented in pursuing that goal. Attention is drawn to the importance of levels of generality that are used to describe human rights. Several major United States Supreme Court cases regarding constitutional rights illustrate this importance. Overall, the deployment of higher levels of generality in discourse concerning LGBT rights can be more successful in securing results favorable to those rights. Although the General Assembly has not issued any resolutions protecting or advancing LGBT rights, other international actors have. Certain international tribunals have issued decisions, certain international organizations have issued resolutions and reports, and certain non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have issued principles and policies, all aimed at protecting or advancing LGBT rights. A recent and commendable example is a resolution from the American Bar Association (ABA), adopted on August 11, 2014, that (among other effects) condemns all laws that discriminate against LGBT people. Upon review, it is observed that the language used in these actions reflects varying points on a spectrum, running from a broad (or higher) level of generality to a specific (or lower) level of generality. Historically, most General Assembly resolutions protecting or advancing human rights have adopted specific levels of generality. An earlier effort to advance LGBT rights before the General Assembly, adopting only a moderately specific level of generality, was unsuccessful. This article asserts that, in designing the General Assembly’s first LGBT rights resolution, it will be safer and more effective to follow the examples indicating higher levels of generality rather than those indicating lower levels of generality. Given the record of the international authorities and precedents reviewed in this article, and given the earlier unsuccessful attempt in the General Assembly, the first General Assembly resolution on LGBT rights should adopt a very high level of generality