DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ERLOTINIB LOADED LIQUORICE CRUDE PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES BY BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN

Objective: To formulate and evaluate Erlotinib loaded Liquorice crude protein (LCP) nanoparticles from the powdered liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) using Box-Behnken design. Methods: Erlotinib loaded liquorice crude protein nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method using ethanol-water (1:2 ratio), Tween-80 (2%v/v) and gluteraldehyde (8% v/v) as cross linking agent. Box-Behnken design with 3 factors, 3 levels and 3 responses was used to optimize the prepared nanoparticles. The independent variables were taken as A) Erlotinib concentration B) LCP concentration and C) Incubation time with responses R1) Drug entrapment efficiency R2) Drug Release and R3) Particle size. The correlation between factors and responses were studied through response surface plots and mathematical equations. The nanoparticles were evaluated for FTIR, particle size and zeta potential by Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and surface morphology by TEM. The entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release studies in PBS pH 7.4 (26 h) were carried out. The experimental values were found to be in close resemblance with the predicted value obtained from the optimization process. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies of the prepared nanoparticles in lung cancer cell line (A 549) were studied with different concentrations for 24h. Results: The average particle size, zeta potential, Polydispersity index (PDI) were found to be 292.1 nm,-25.8 mV and 0.384 respectively. TEM image showed that the nanoparticles dispersed well with a uniform shape and showed not much change during storage. The in vitro drug release showed 41.23% for 26 h in PBS (7.4) and release kinetics showed highest R2value (0.982) for Korsmeyer-Peppas model, followed by 0.977 for Higuchi model. The in vitro cytotoxicity of prepared nanoparticles in A 549 cell line showed good results with different concentrations for 24h. Conclusion: Erlotinib (Erlo) is a BCS class II drug with poor solubility, poor bioavailability and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor for non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through oral administration. To improve the oral bioavailability and absorption of molecules, plant protein as carriers is used for developing drug delivery systems due to their proven safety. The optimization variables were Conc of Erlo, Conc. of LCP and Incubation time to get responses as drug entrapment efficiency, drug release and particle size. The compatibility between drug and LCP were evaluated by FTIR

FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL LOADED LIQUORICE CRUDE PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES FOR SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERY USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN

Objective: To formulate, optimize and evaluate 5-fluorouracil loaded liquorice crude protein nanoparticles for sustained drug delivery using Box-Behnken design. Methods: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded liquorice crude protein (LCP) nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method using ethanol-water (1:2 ratio), Tween-80 (2%v/v) as stabilizing agent and gluteraldehyde (8% v/v) as cross linking agent. The optimization of prepared nanoparticles was carried out using Box-Behnken design with 3 factors 2 levels and 3 responses. The independent variables were A)5-FU concentration B)LCP concentration and C) sonication time while the responses were R1) Drug entrapment efficiency R2) Drug loading efficiency and R3) Particle size. The correlation between factors and responses were studied through response surface plots and mathematical equations. The nanoparticles were evaluated for FTIR, physicochemical properties like particle size and zeta potential by Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and surface morphology by TEM. The entrapment efficiency, drug loading efficiency and in vitro drug release studies in PBS pH 7.4 (24 h) were carried out. The observed values were found to be in close agreement with the predicted value obtained from the optimization process. Results: 5-fluorouracil loaded LCP nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method, the optimization was carried out by Box-Behnken design and the final formulation was evaluated for particle size (301.1 nm), zeta-potential (-25.8mV), PDI(0.226), with entrapment efficiency (64.07%), drug loading efficiency (28.54%), in vitro drug release (65.2% in 24 h) respectively. The formulated nanoparticles show Higuchi model drug release kinetics with sustained drug delivery for 24 h in pH7.4 buffer. Conclusion: The results were proved to be the most valuable for the sustained delivery of 5-Fluorouracil using liquorice crude protein as carrier. 5-FU–LCP nanoparticles were prepared using Tween-80 as stabilizing agent and gluteraldehyde as cross-linking agent to possess ideal sustained drug release characteristics

Mineralization changes substituted type B carbonate of PO43− ion in the bone minerals of an archaeological sample studied using fourier self deconvolution technique

277-282The aim of this study was to describe the compositional changes in the archaeological specimen using FTIR. Fourier deconvolution was applied in the carbonate (500-650 cm−1), phosphate (900-1200 cm−1), and in the amide region (1700-1600 cm−1). The deconvolution of the spectra in the phosphate region 1200-900 cm−1 reveals six components 960 cm−1, 1010 cm−1, 1020 cm−1, 1030 cm−1, 1110 cm−1 and 1120 cm−1. The bone mineral such as CO32−, PO43− particle, collagen, and organic materials were studied in detail from the infrared spectra. The computed parameters such as collagen development, mineralization index, C/P proportion, crystalline index, and maturing of bone help us in characterizing the bone samples. The Low estimation of C/P proportion resulted in changes in Type B carbonate (PO43−) substitution. The absence of phosphate band ~1100 cm−1 and formation of β sheet structure were observed in the samples studied. Increased level of mineralization resulted in the increased in the crystalline nature of the bone samples. The study indicates the utilization of FTIR using self deconvolution technique which helps in understanding the compositional changes in the archaeological sample

Substrate finishing and niobium content effects on the high temperature corrosion resistance in steam atmosphere of CrN/NbN superlattice coatings deposited by PVD-HIPIMS

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the oxidation resistance of three PVD-HIPIMS CrN/NbN coatings, studying the effect of the surface finishing of the substrate and the role of niobium content into the coating composition. CrN/NbN nano-multilayered films on P92 steel were tested at 650°C in pure steam atmosphere. The mass gain was measured at fixed intervals to study their oxidation kinetics. The morphology and thickness of nanoscales were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization of coatings before and after the thermal treatment was performed by scanning electron microscopy-energy with facilities of dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All coatings improved the oxidation resistance of the substrate material, but the best behaviour was exhibited by the CrN/NbN with the high niobium (Nb) content and deposited on the substrate with the finest surface finishing

Numerical investigation of heat transfer characteristics of an axi-symmetric turbulent impinging jet on a flat plate

Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Turkey, 19-21 July, 2010.Jet impingement is one of the oldest and most attractive techniques for convective process intensification where convective heating, cooling or drying is applied The present study highlights the numerical study of heat transfer characteristics of Axi symmetric incompressible Impinging Jet flow. A computational study of the impingement of a thermally turbulent jet on a solid plate has been reported. For a fixed nozzle-plate distance, the influence of the Reynolds number on the stagnation point heat transfer was investigated. The influence of the nozzle-plate distance on the stagnation point Nusselt number has also been discussed. The possibility of improving the heat transfer is carried out according to the characteristic parameters of the interaction jet and wall. At higher Reynolds numbers and even for initially laminar jets - the turbulence generated by the jet itself plays an important role in determining the heat­ transfer characteristics of impinging jets. The effect of local mean velocities and turbulence intensities on the heat transfer has been outlined, whereas the objectives of this part is to explore in more detail the influence of the turbulence characteristics of the flow on heat transfer. In a jet flow, vortices initiate in the shear layer due to Kelvin Helmholtz instabilities. Vortices, depending on their size and strength, affect the heat spread, the potential core length and the entrainment of ambient fluid A very important parameter in order to quantify this process is the heat transfer coefficient The enhancement and reduction of the local heat transfer were related to changes in the flow structure which an impinging jet was forced at different frequencies. It is important, therefore, to understand the unsteady heat transfer characteristics associated with the coherent flow structure.ksb201

Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity profile of the rhizome of Smilax china Linn. in mice

Objective : To study the anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the rhizome of Smilax china (EESC and EAF, respectively) in mice. Materials and Methods : The anticonvulsant activities of EESC and EAF were studied against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice and neurotoxicity was determined using rotarod test. Results : The duration of hindleg extension in MES test was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) by EESC at a dose level of 400 mg/kg and EAF at both higher dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg). In PTZ model, the seizure latency was prolonged by all the test groups. Conclusion : The EESC and EAF may help to control petit mal and grand mal seizures