Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Membrane Bioreactors

Nowadays, it is widely accepted that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, contributing to the anthropogenic sources. Among the GHG emitted from WWTPs, nitrous oxide (N2O) has been identified of having the major interest/concern, since its high global warming potential (GWP), is 298 times higher than that of CO2 and also to its capability to react with stratospheric ozone causing the layer depletion. Up to now, most of the experimental investigations have been carried out on conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. The knowledge of N2O emission from advanced technologies such membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is still very limited. The present paper is aimed at providing a picture of the GHG emissions from MBR systems. In particular, data of N2O acquired from pilot plant systems monitoring are here presented. The key aim of the study was to highlight the effect of wastewater features and operational conditions on N2O production/emission from MBRs

フィリピンの農山村、特にパラワン島におけるマラリアの疫学的調査

A field survey was undertaken on the malaria parasite rate and the spleen rate in some rural areas of the Philippines during the period from November, 1969, till March, 1971. The subject areas were Wawa, north from Manila; Sonlon, north from Davao; and Maruyogon, Mainit, Quezon and the Iwahig Penal Colony in Palawan Island. Persons subjected to the survey were residents, prisoners (colonists) in the penal colony and in some areas, primary school children. The spleen rate was examined by manual palpation in children under 12 years. Results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) The parasite rate was 2.5% (8/320) at Wawa, 0.5% (1/217) at Sonlon, 4.0% (16/401) at Maruyogon, 15.4% (10/65) at Mainit, 26.7% (8/30) in the native tribe and 5.7% (2/35) in settlers, and 7.1% (21/181) in school children at Quezon. 2) The spleen rate was 4.0% (7/177) at Maruyogon, 40.9% (18/44) at Mainit and 15.2% (34/224) at Quezon. 3) In the Iwahig Penal Colony, colonists in the Montible and Central Subcolonies were employed for the parasite examination. The parasite rate in the Montible was 12.1%(62/521). A significant difference in parasite rate was shown between the central district (6.7%) and the outskirts (16.3%) of the Montible Subcolony. Newcomers into the Orientation Unit of the Montible demonstrated 13.6% (9/66) in parasite detection and this fact would imply the high frequency of a new infection to colonists during the stay of the first 6 months. At the Mangahan (Agronomy) Unit of the Central Subcolony, 10.7%(3/28) in parasite rate was obtained. 4) The parasite species and the proportion observed in this survey were; P. falciparum 84.8%, P. vivax 13.9%, and P. malariae 1.2%.1969年11月より1971年3月の間に,フィリピンの農山村地域で,マラリア原虫率および脾腫率の野外調査を実施した.対象地はマニラ北方約60Kmのワワ,ミンダナオ島ダヴァオ北東約110Kmのソンロン,およびパラワン島のマルヨゴン,マイニット,ケソンおよびイワヒグ囚人部落で,対象人は一般住民,囚人部落では収容中の徒刑囚,またある地域では学童であった.脾腫率は12才以下の小人を対象に触診によって検査した.得られた成績を総括すると次の如くであった.1)原虫率は,ワワ2.5%(8/320),ソンロン0.5%(1/217),マルヨゴン4.0%(16/401),マイニット15.4%(10/65),たゞし,この地域の原住部族民では26.7%(8/30),移住者5.7%(2/35),ケソン中央小学校児童7.1%(21/181)であった.2)脾腫率は,マルヨゴン4.0%(7/177),マイニット40.9%(18/44),ケソン15.2%(34/224)の結果を得た.3)イワヒグ囚人部落ではモンテブレおよびセントラルの両サブコロニーの囚人を対象とした.モンテブレサブコロニーでは,12.1%(63/521)の原虫率をえたが,このサブコロニーの中央地区居住者の原虫率,6.7%と周辺地区居住者のそれ,16.3%との間には,明らかに有意差が認められた.同サブコロニーのオリエンテイション分団への新入囚人では,原虫検出率が13.6%(9/66)であった.この事は新入者の初期6ケ月間の滞在期間中におけるマラリア感染の頻度を物語るものと思われた.セントラルサブコロニーのマンガハン(耕作)分団での原虫率は10.7%(3/28)であった.4)検出した原虫種は,熱帯熱原虫がもっとも多く84.8%,三日熱原虫は13.9%,四日熱原虫は1.2%であった

Ευρετικές προσεγγίσεις του μοναδιάστατου προβλήματος πακετοποίησης

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and non-pleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data

Community profiling and gene expression of fungal assimilatory nitrate reductases in agricultural soil

Although fungi contribute significantly to the microbial biomass in terrestrial ecosystems, little is known about their contribution to biogeochemical nitrogen cycles. Agricultural soils usually contain comparably high amounts of inorganic nitrogen, mainly in the form of nitrate. Many studies focused on bacterial and archaeal turnover of nitrate by nitrification, denitrification and assimilation, whereas the fungal role remained largely neglected. To enable research on the fungal contribution to the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle tools for monitoring the presence and expression of fungal assimilatory nitrate reductase genes were developed. To the ∼100 currently available fungal full-length gene sequences, another 109 partial sequences were added by amplification from individual culture isolates, representing all major orders occurring in agricultural soils. The extended database led to the discovery of new horizontal gene transfer events within the fungal kingdom. The newly developed PCR primers were used to study gene pools and gene expression of fungal nitrate reductases in agricultural soils. The availability of the extended database allowed affiliation of many sequences to known species, genera or families. Energy supply by a carbon source seems to be the major regulator of nitrate reductase gene expression for fungi in agricultural soils, which is in good agreement with the high energy demand of complete reduction of nitrate to ammonium