1,036 research outputs found
Emotions and Digital Well-being. The rationalistic bias of social media design in online deliberations
In this chapter we argue that emotions are mediated in an incomplete way in online social media because of the heavy reliance on textual messages which fosters a rationalistic bias and an inclination towards less nuanced emotional expressions. This incompleteness can happen either by obscuring emotions, showing less than the original intensity, misinterpreting emotions, or eliciting emotions without feedback and context. Online interactions and deliberations tend to contribute rather than overcome stalemates and informational bubbles, partially due to prevalence of anti-social emotions. It is tempting to see emotions as being the cause of the problem of online verbal aggression and bullying. However, we argue that social media are actually designed in a predominantly rationalistic way, because of the reliance on text-based communication, thereby filtering out social emotions and leaving space for easily expressed antisocial emotions. Based on research on emotions that sees these as key ingredients to moral interaction and deliberation, as well as on research on text-based versus non-verbal communication, we propose a richer understanding of emotions, requiring different designs of online deliberation platforms. We propose that such designs should move from text-centred designs and should find ways to incorporate the complete expression of the full range of human emotions so that these can play a constructive role in online deliberations
PPM-Extended (PPMX) - a catalogue of positions and proper motions
Aims: We build a catalogue PPM-Extended (PPMX) on the ICRS system which is
complete down to a well-defined limiting magnitude and contains the best
presently available proper motions to be suited for kinematical studies in the
Galaxy.
Methods: We perform a rigorous weighted least-squares adjustment of
individual observations, spread over more than a century, to determine mean
positions and proper motions. The stellar content of PPMX is taken from GSC 1.2
supplemented by catalogues like ARIHIP, PPM and Tycho-2 at the bright end. All
observations have been weighted according to their individual accuracy. The
catalogue has been screened towards rejecting false entries in the various
source catalogues.
Results: PPM-Extended (PPMX) is a catalogue of 18,088,920 stars containing
astrometric and photometric information. Its limiting magnitude is about 15.2
in the GSC photometric system. PPMX consists of three parts: a) a survey
complete down to R_U = 12.8 in the magnitude system of UCAC2; b) additional
stars of high-precision proper motions, and c) all other stars from GSC 1.2
identified in 2MASS. The typical accuracy of the proper motions is 2mas/y for
66 percent of the survey stars (a) and the high-precision stars (b), and about
10 mas/y for all other stars. PPMX contains photometric information from
ASCC-2.5 and 2MASS.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
The PPMXL catalog of positions and proper motions on the ICRS. Combining USNO-B1.0 and 2MASS
USNO-B1.0 and 2MASS are the most widely used full-sky surveys. However, 2MASS
has no proper motions at all, and USNO-B1.0 published only relative, not
absolute (i.e. on ICRS) proper motions. We performed a new determination of
mean positions and proper motions on the ICRS system by combining USNO-B1.0 and
2MASS astrometry. This catalog is called PPMXL {VO-access to the catalog is
possible via http://vo.uni-hd.de/ppmxl}, and it aims to be complete from the
brightest stars down to about full-sky. PPMXL contains about 900
million objects, some 410 million with 2MASS photometry, and is the largest
collection of ICRS proper motions at present. As representative for the ICRS we
chose PPMX. The recently released UCAC3 could not be used because we found
plate-dependent distortions in its proper motion system north of -20
declination. UCAC3 served as an intermediate system for . The resulting typical individual mean errors of the proper motions
range from 4 mas/y to more than 10 mas/y depending on observational history.
The mean errors of positions at epoch 2000.0 are 80 to 120 mas, if 2MASS
astrometry could be used, 150 to 300 mas else. We also give correction tables
to convert USNO-B1.0 observations of e.g. minor planets to the ICRS system.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure
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Structure in mind, structure in vocal tract
We update our understanding of the view that grammar regulates intersegmental temporal coordination and present an extension of that view to a new domain: we argue that inter-segmental coordination is basic to prosody. It is the glue joining segments together differently in different languages (here, illustrated with examples from Arabic and Spanish) and orchestrates their unfolding in ways corresponding to constructs posited in theoretical analysis. The correspondence is one between organization in mind-brain and organization in vocal tract. Moreover, for both mind-brain and vocal tract, the organization is phonological and abstract. It is so because it holds over segments of various identities: in Arabic, the first segment in /bka/ is not prosodified as part of the same unit as /ka/ and this holds true also for /blat/, /klat/ and so on, regardless of sonority. In contrast, in English or Spanish, a different organization holds. Crucially, uniformity in organization (same organization presiding over sequences with varying segmental makeup) does not imply uniqueness of phonetic exponents: prosodic organization is pleiotropic, simultaneously expressed by more than one phonetic exponent. Finally, two properties of coordination relations are underscored: lawful flexibility and abstractness. The first is revealed in the degrees of freedom with which movements corresponding to any given effector begin; the second in invariances of task-relevant kinematic signatures regardless of the effectors implicated in any given segmental sequence. Once again, abstract phonological structure is mirrored in vocal tracts via coordination relations holding across physiology and the particular modes of its operation
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