Mogućnosti stočarstva Srbije - perspektiva i budućnost

The paper describes the state of the livestock production in the Republic of Serbia including preliminary results from the 2012 census: according to preliminary data, 908.990 heads of cattle, 3.403.288 pigs, 1.729.278 sheep and 235.576 goats are reared in Serbia. Structural and institutional measures, and measures of credit support should be the main instruments for achieving the goals of progress in animal husbandry. Activities in the breeding-selection work should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of international organizations (ICAR, INTERBULL, EAAP). One of the most important outcome of these activities should result in a level of over 80% of the total population of cattle, pigs, sheep and other species of domestic farm animals in Serbia included in the control of production performance (presently between 25 and 30%). Genetic improvement of cattle, sheep and pigs (milk, meat) is very complex. More efficient use of reproductive technologies (AI - artificial insemination and embryo transfer ET, etc.), also of methods for evaluation of breeding value of farm animals through new methods of evaluation of breeding value of cows and breeding bulls will contribute to faster genetic improvement of production traits of these species of domestic animals. New knowledge in mapping and gene transfer, marker assisted selection, in vitro embryo development, embryo cloning, sexing, etc., are improving rapidly, with new technologies being developed permanently. Breeding/improvement of cattle, sheep and pigs in through breeding - selection work should facilitate further improvement of fertility traits, growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality (higher percentage of muscle tissue in the body), the quality of milk and meat, resistance to disease and stress, etc.Početkom 2013. godine dobijeni su preliminarni rezultati popisa poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji, obavljenog 2012. godine. Ukupan broj goveda je 908.990, svinja 3.403.288, ovaca 1.729.278 i koza 235.576 grla.. Povećanje konkurentnosti stočarstva Srbije se može ostvariti kreiranjem uslova za tržišno okruženje i putem investicija, kako u znanje, tako i u opremu. Zbog toga strukturne i institucionalne mere, kao i mere kreditne podrške treba da budu glavni instrumenti za ostvarenje ovog cilja. Aktivnosti u odgajivačko-selekcijskom radu treba da se sprovode u skladu sa preporukama međunarodnih organizacija (ICAR, INTERBULL, EAAP i druga). Jedan od najvažnijih rezultata ovog rada treba da prouzrokuje nivo od preko 80% ukupne populacije goveda, svinja, ovaca i ostalih vrsta domaćih životinja u Srbiji bude obuhvaćeno kontrolom proizvodnih svojstava (sada između 25 i 30%). Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja goveda u Srbiji. Genetsko unapređenje goveda (mleko,meso) je vrlo kompleksno. Efikasnije korišćenje reproduktivnih tehnologija (VO-veštačko osemenjavanje i ET-embriotransfer i dr.) i korišćenje metoda za procenu odgajivačke vrednosti domaćih životinja preko novih metoda ocene priplodnih vrednosti bikova i krava će doprineti bržem genetskom unapređenju mlečnosti krava. Nova saznanja u mapiranju i transferu gena, selekciji preko markera, in vitro razvoju embriona, seksiranju i kloniranju embriona i dr. Odgajivački ciljevi-simentalska rasa, prosečna proizvodnja mleka u standardnoj laktaciji preko 6 000 kg; Holštajn frizijska rasa u standardnoj laktaciji preko 8 000 kg. Melezi iz ukrštanja domaćih krava nižih proizvodnih sposobnosti i bikova tovnih rasa, francuskih, italijanskih, engleskih. Odgajivački ciljevi ovakvog oplemenjivačkog rada i korišćenje heterozis efekta je stvaranje takvih genotipova koji će omogućiti završnu telesnu masu meleza F1, junadi od preko 550 kg, prosečni dnevni prirast u tovu preko 1500 g, randman toplih polutki preko 60%, sadržaj mišića u trupu od preko 65%. Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja ovaca u Srbiji. Oplemenjivanje u cilju povećanja proizvodnje mesa treba da omogući dobijanje jagnjadi sa većim dnevnim prirastom (preko 300 g), veće završne mase tela sa 90 dana uzrasta (preko 28 kg), kao i većeg randmana trupa, više od 58%). Problem prelaska na policikličnost i oplodnju ovaca u toku cele godine obavio bi se na dva načina: genetički, korišćenjem ukrštanja rasa koje manifestuju estrus izvan normalne sezone (dorzet horn, il de france i romanovska) primenom metoda stimulacije, tj. indukcijom i sinhronizacijom estrusa.Tako bi se stvorili uslovi za primenu intenzivnog sistema jagnjenja dva jagnjenja u jednoj godini odnosno tri jagnjenja u dve godine. Sistem jagnjenja, sistem ukrštanja, selekcija i linijsko odgajivanje, zatim skraćenje post partum intervala i povećanje indeksa jagnjenja, kao i broja jagnjadi pri rođenju, rano zalučenje jagnjadi, korišćenje metode veštačkog osemenjavanja, automatskih mašina za dojenje, odgajivanje jagnjadi uspešnom zamenom za mleko i tov jagnjedi od 30 - 45 kg sa 90 do 120 dana. Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja svinja u Srbiji. Oplemenjivanje svinja u cilju unapređenja mesnatosti preko odgajivačko-selekciojskog rada treba da omogući dalje poboljšanje osobina plodnosti, brzine porasta, iskorišćavanja hrane, kvaliteta trupa (veći procenat mišićnog tkiva u trupu), kvaliteta mesa i otpornosti svinja na bolesti i stres. Odgajivačko-selekcijskim radom neophodno je: povećati genetski potencijal postojećih mesnatih rasa i meleza svinja, raditi na stvaranju linija unutar čistih rasa primenom divergentne selekcije, kako bi se kasnije njihovim ukrštanjem ispoljivo veći heterozis efekat. Cilj selekcije treba da bude povećanje mišićnog tkiva u najvrednijim delovima trupa: but, plećka i kare. Odgajivački program u našoj zemlji predviđa ukrštanje landrasa (švedski, holandski,) i velikog jorkšira radi proizvodnje nazimica F1 generacije. One se posle toga ukrštaju sa nerastovima treće rase (terminalna rasa nerastova: hempšir, durok, pietren, nemački i belgijski landras) ili nerastovima F1 generacije. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31053

Large canyons in Dinaric and Prokletije mountains region of Montenegro

Montenegro occupies relatively small, southeastern part of the Dinaric mountains. Geological composition, which is predominantly carbonate, enabled formation of a great number of deep canyons and gorges. Canyons of Montenegro were formed in several ways, during multiple phases. Regardless of polygenetic and polymorphic character of the canyons, they can be classified into three main groups. By incision of melt-water rivers of Pleistocene glaciers, deep and particularly narrow canyons of small width were formed. The rivers that presently flow through these canyons have a nival regime - during the summer, their discharge is minimal, or they completely dry out. Depths of these canyons are up to 500 m. Rivers that directly feed into the Adriatic sea are of torrential character. They have pluvial regime, and dry out during the summer. Their canyons are short, several hundreds of meters deep. Deepest and longest canyons have been formed by incision of rivers that have changed their regimes during a longer period of time. Melt-water of Pleistocene glaciers has incised the greatest parts of canyons at the beginning of Holocene. Presently, river courses have nival-pluvial regime. In this group, single-phase and multiple-phase canyons can be distinguished (alteration of erosional and accumulation processes). Depths of these canyons exceed 1000 m

Study of Collinear Collision in Impulsive Model

Exact quantum solution of the collinear collision problem is found in the impulsive model. The transition probabilities compare well with those for real systems, except when multiple collisions become important

Thermoeconomic optimization of triple pressure heat recovery steam generator operating parameters for combined cycle plants

The aim of this work is to develop a method for optimization of operating parameters of a triple pressure heat recovery steam generator. Two types of optimization: (a) thermodynamic and (b) thermoeconomic were performed. The purpose of the thermodynamic optimization is to maximize the efficiency of the plant. The selected objective for this purpose is minimization of the exergy destruction in the heat recovet)/steam generator. The purpose of the thermoeconomic optimization is to decrease the production cost of electricity. Here, the total annual cost of heat recovery steam generator, defined as a sum of annual values of the capital costs and the cost of the exergy destruction, is selected as the objective function. The optimal values of the most influencing variables are obtained by minimizing the objective function while satisfying a group of constraints. The optimization algorithm is developed and tested on a case of combined cycle gas turbine plant with complex configuration. Six operating parameters were subject of optimization: pressures and pinch point temperatures of every three (high, intermediate, and low pressure) steam stream. The influence of these variables on the objective function and production cost are investigated in detail. The differences between results of thermodynamic and the thermoeconomic optimization are discussed

Thermoeconomic optimization of triple pressure heat recovery steam generator operating parameters for combined cycle plants

The aim of this work is to develop a method for optimization of operating parameters of a triple pressure heat recovery steam generator. Two types of optimization: (a) thermodynamic and (b) thermoeconomic were performed. The purpose of the thermodynamic optimization is to maximize the efficiency of the plant. The selected objective for this purpose is minimization of the exergy destruction in the heat recovet)/steam generator. The purpose of the thermoeconomic optimization is to decrease the production cost of electricity. Here, the total annual cost of heat recovery steam generator, defined as a sum of annual values of the capital costs and the cost of the exergy destruction, is selected as the objective function. The optimal values of the most influencing variables are obtained by minimizing the objective function while satisfying a group of constraints. The optimization algorithm is developed and tested on a case of combined cycle gas turbine plant with complex configuration. Six operating parameters were subject of optimization: pressures and pinch point temperatures of every three (high, intermediate, and low pressure) steam stream. The influence of these variables on the objective function and production cost are investigated in detail. The differences between results of thermodynamic and the thermoeconomic optimization are discussed