60,763 research outputs found
QCD at Zero Baryon Density and the Polyakov Loop Paradox
We compare the grand canonical partition function at fixed chemical potential
mu with the canonical partition function at fixed baryon number B, formally and
by numerical simulations at mu=0 and B=0 with four flavours of staggered
quarks. We verify that the free energy densities are equal in the thermodynamic
limit, and show that they can be well described by the hadron resonance gas at
T T_c.
Small differences between the two ensembles, for thermodynamic observables
characterising the deconfinement phase transition, vanish with increasing
lattice size. These differences are solely caused by contributions of non-zero
baryon density sectors, which are exponentially suppressed with increasing
volume. The Polyakov loop shows a different behaviour: for all temperatures and
volumes, its expectation value is exactly zero in the canonical formulation,
whereas it is always non-zero in the commonly used grand-canonical formulation.
We clarify this paradoxical difference, and show that the non-vanishing
Polyakov loop expectation value is due to contributions of non-zero triality
states, which are not physical, because they give zero contribution to the
partition function.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figure
A probabilistic model for information and sensor validation
This paper develops a new theory and model for information and sensor validation. The model represents relationships between variables using Bayesian networks and utilizes probabilistic propagation to estimate the expected values of variables. If the estimated value of a variable differs from the actual value, an apparent fault is detected. The fault is only apparent since it may be that the estimated value is itself based on faulty data. The theory extends our understanding of when it is possible to isolate real faults from potential faults and supports the development of an algorithm that is capable of isolating real faults without deferring the problem to the use of expert provided domain-specific rules. To enable practical adoption for real-time processes, an any time version of the algorithm is developed, that, unlike most other algorithms, is capable of returning improving assessments of the validity of the sensors as it accumulates more evidence with time. The developed model is tested by applying it to the validation of temperature sensors during the start-up phase of a gas turbine when conditions are not stable; a problem that is known to be challenging. The paper concludes with a discussion of the practical applicability and scalability of the model
Symmetry-preserving Observers
This paper presents three non-linear observers on three examples of
engineering interest: a chemical reactor, a non-holonomic car, and an inertial
navigation system. For each example, the design is based on physical
symmetries. This motivates the theoretical development of invariant observers,
i.e, symmetry-preserving observers. We consider an observer to consist in a
copy of the system equation and a correction term, and we give a constructive
method (based on the Cartan moving-frame method) to find all the
symmetry-preserving correction terms. They rely on an invariant frame (a
classical notion) and on an invariant output-error, a less standard notion
precisely defined here. For each example, the convergence analysis relies also
on symmetries consideration with a key use of invariant state-errors. For the
non-holonomic car and the inertial navigation system, the invariant
state-errors are shown to obey an autonomous differential equation independent
of the system trajectory. This allows us to prove convergence, with almost
global stability for the non-holonomic car and with semi-global stability for
the inertial navigation system. Simulations including noise and bias show the
practical interest of such invariant asymptotic observers for the inertial
navigation system.Comment: To be published in IEEE Automatic Contro
Equilibrium route to colloidal gellation: mixtures of hard sphere-like colloids
The binodals and the non-ergodicity lines of a binary mixture of hard
sphere-like particles with large size ratio are computed for studying the
interplay between dynamic arrest and phase separation in depletion-driven
colloidal mixtures. Contrarily to the case of hard core plus short range
effective attraction, physical gellation without competition with the
fluid-phase separation can occur in such mixtures. This behavior due to the
oscillations in the depletion potential should concern all simple mixtures with
non-ideal depletant, justifying further studies of their dynamic properties
Quantal Extension of Mean-Field Dynamics
A method is presented for numerical implementation of the extended TDHF
theory in which two-body correlations beyond the mean-field approximation are
incorporated in the form of a quantal collision term. The method is tested in a
model problem in which the exact solution can be obtained numerically. Whereas
the usual TDHF fails to reproduce the long time evolution, a very good
agreement is found between the extended TDHF and the exact solution.Comment: 22 Latex pages including 7 figure
Cataclysmic Variables with Evolved Secondaries and the Progenitors of AM CVn Stars
We present the results of a systematic study of cataclysmic variables (CVs)
and related systems, combining detailed binary-population synthesis (BPS)
models with a grid of 120 binary evolution sequences calculated with a
Henyey-type stellar evolution code. In these sequences, we used 3 masses for
the white dwarf (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 Msun) and seven masses for the donor star in the
range of 0.6-1.4 Msun. The shortest orbital periods were chosen to have
initially unevolved secondaries, and the longest orbital period for each
secondary mass was taken to be just longer than the bifurcation period (16 - 22
hr), beyond which systems evolve towards long orbital periods. These
calculations show that systems which start with evolved secondaries near the
end or just after their main-sequence phase become ultra-compact systems with
periods as short as 7 min. These systems are excellent candidates for AM CVn
stars. Using a standard BPS code, we show how the properties of CVs at the
beginning of mass transfer depend on the efficiency for common-envelope (CE)
ejection and the efficiency of magnetic braking. In our standard model, where
CE ejection is efficient, some 10 per cent of all CVs have initially evolved
secondaries (with a central hydrogen abundance X_c < 0.4) and ultimately become
ultra-compact systems (implying a Galactic birthrate for AM CVn-like stars of
10^{-3} yr^{-1}). Almost all CVs with orbital periods longer than 5 hr are
found to have initially evolved or relatively massive secondaries. We show that
their distribution of effective temperatures is in good agreement with the
distribution of spectral types obtained by Beuermann et al. (1998).Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures (Fig. 4 in reduced format). Submitted to MNRA
On the role of recombination in common-envelope ejections
The energy budget in common-envelope events (CEEs) is not well understood,
with substantial uncertainty even over to what extent the recombination energy
stored in ionised hydrogen and helium might be used to help envelope ejection.
We investigate the reaction of a red-giant envelope to heating which mimics
limiting cases of energy input provided by the orbital decay of a binary during
a CEE, specifically during the post-plunge-in phase during which the spiral-in
has been argued to occur on a time-scale longer than dynamical. We show that
the outcome of such a CEE depends less on the total amount of energy by which
the envelope is heated than on how rapidly the energy was transferred to the
envelope and on where the envelope was heated. The envelope always becomes
dynamically unstable before receiving net heat energy equal to the envelope's
initial binding energy. We find two types of outcome, both of which likely lead
to at least partial envelope ejection: "runaway" solutions in which the
expansion of the radius becomes undeniably dynamical, and superficially
"self-regulated" solutions, in which the expansion of the stellar radius stops
but a significant fraction of the envelope becomes formally dynamically
unstable. Almost the entire reservoir of initial helium recombination energy is
used for envelope expansion. Hydrogen recombination is less energetically
useful, but is nonetheless important for the development of the dynamical
instabilities. However, this result requires the companion to have already
plunged deep into the envelope; therefore this release of recombination energy
does not help to explain wide post-common-envelope orbits.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcom
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