Equivalence of Hawking and Unruh Temperatures and Entropies Through Flat Space Embeddings

We present a unified description of temperature and entropy in spaces with either "true" or "accelerated observer" horizons: In their (higher dimensional) global embedding Minkowski geometries, the relevant detectors have constant accelerations a_{G}; associated with their Rindler horizons are temperature a_{G}/2\pi and entropy equal to 1/4 the horizon area. Both quantities agree with those calculated in the original curved spaces. As one example of this equivalence, we obtain the temperature and entropy of Schwarzschild geometry from its flat D=6 embedding.Comment: An expanded version of our initial submission: addition of entropy derivations to complement those of temperature in the origina

Mapping Hawking into Unruh Thermal Properties

By globally embedding curved spaces into higher dimensional flat ones, we show that Hawking thermal properties map into their Unruh equivalents: The relevant curved space detectors become Rindler ones, whose temperature and entropy reproduce the originals. Specific illustrations include Schwarzschild, Schwarzschild-(anti)deSitter, Reissner-Nordstrom and BTZ spaces.Comment: 10 page

Accelerated Detectors and Temperature in (Anti) de Sitter Spaces

We show, in complete accord with the usual Rindler picture, that detectors with constant acceleration $a$ in de Sitter (dS) and Anti de Sitter (AdS) spaces with cosmological constants $\Lambda$ measure temperatures $2\pi T=(\Lambda/3+a^{2})^{1/2}\equiv a_{5}$, the detector "5-acceleration" in the embedding flat 5-space. For dS, this recovers a known result; in AdS, where $\Lambda$ is negative, the temperature is well defined down to the critical value $a_{5}=0$, again in accord with the underlying kinematics. The existence of a thermal spectrum is also demonstrated for a variety of candidate wave functions in AdS backgrounds.Comment: Latex +2 Fi

Galectin-1 is essential for efficient liver regeneration following hepatectomy

Galectin-1 (Gal1) is a known immune/inflammatory regulator which actsboth extracellularly and intracellularly, modulating innate and adaptive immuneresponses. Here, we explored the role of Gal1 in liver regeneration using 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) of C57BL/6 wild type and Gal1-knockout (Gal1-KO, Lgals1-/-) mice. Gene or protein expression, in liver samples collected at time intervals from 2 to 168 hours post-operation, was tested by either RT-PCR or by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. We demonstrated that Gal1 transcript and protein expression was induced in the liver tissue of wild type mice upon PHx. Liver regeneration following PHx was significantly delayed in the Gal1-KO compared to the control liver. This delay was accompanied by a decreased Akt phosphorylation, and accumulation of the hepatocyte nuclear p21 protein in the Gal1-KO versus control livers at 24 and 48 hours following PHx. Transcripts of several known regulators of inflammation, cell cycle and cell signaling, including some known PHx-induced genes, were aberrantly expressed (mainly down-regulated) in Gal1-KO compared to control livers at 2, 6 and 24 hours post-PHx. Transient steatosis, which is imperative for liver regeneration following PHx, was significantly delayed and decreased in the Gal1- KO compared to the control liver and was accompanied by a significantly decreased expression in the mutant liver of several genes encoding lipid metabolism regulators.Our results demonstrate that Gal1 protein is essential for efficient liver regeneration following PHx through the regulation of liver inflammation, hepatic cell proliferation, and the control of lipid storage in the regenerating liver.Fil: Potikha, Tamara. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; IsraelFil: Ella, Ezra. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; IsraelFil: Cerliani, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Mizrahi, Lina. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; IsraelFil: Pappo, Orit. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; IsraelFil: Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Galun, Eithan. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; IsraelFil: Goldenberg, Daniel S.. Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center; Israe

Quantum Field Theory with Null-Fronted Metrics

There is a large class of classical null-fronted metrics in which a free scalar field has an infinite number of conservation laws. In particular, if the scalar field is quantized, the number of particles is conserved. However, with more general null-fronted metrics, field quantization cannot be interpreted in terms of particle creation and annihilation operators, and the physical meaning of the theory becomes obscure.Comment: 11 page

The Menin Tumor Suppressor Protein Is an Essential Oncogenic Cofactor for MLL-Associated Leukemogenesis

SummaryThe Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) protein is a histone methyltransferase that is mutated in clinically and biologically distinctive subsets of acute leukemia. MLL normally associates with a cohort of highly conserved cofactors to form a macromolecular complex that includes menin, a product of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene, which is mutated in heritable and sporadic endocrine tumors. We demonstrate here that oncogenic MLL fusion proteins retain an ability to stably associate with menin through a high-affinity, amino-terminal, conserved binding motif and that this interaction is required for the initiation of MLL-mediated leukemogenesis. Furthermore, menin is essential for maintenance of MLL-associated but not other oncogene induced myeloid transformation. Acute genetic ablation of menin reverses aberrant Hox gene expression mediated by MLL-menin promoter-associated complexes, and specifically abrogates the differentiation arrest and oncogenic properties of MLL-transformed leukemic blasts. These results demonstrate that a human oncoprotein is critically dependent on direct physical interaction with a tumor suppressor protein for its oncogenic activity, validate a potential target for molecular therapy, and suggest central roles for menin in altered epigenetic functions underlying the pathogenesis of hematopoietic cancers

COVID-19 in humanitarian settings: documenting and sharing context-specific programmatic experiences.

Humanitarian organizations have developed innovative and context specific interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as guidance has been normative in nature and most are not humanitarian specific. In April 2020, three universities developed a COVID-19 humanitarian-specific website ( www.covid19humanitarian.com ) to allow humanitarians from the field to upload their experiences or be interviewed by academics to share their creative responses adapted to their specific country challenges in a standardised manner. These field experiences are reviewed by the three universities together with various guidance documents and uploaded to the website using an operational framework. The website currently hosts 135 guidance documents developed by 65 different organizations, and 65 field experiences shared by 29 organizations from 27 countries covering 38 thematic areas. Examples of challenges and innovative solutions from humanitarian settings are provided for triage and sexual and gender-based violence. Offering open access resources on a neutral platform by academics can provide a space for constructive dialogue among humanitarians at the country, regional and global levels, allowing humanitarian actors at the country level to have a strong and central voice. We believe that this neutral and openly accessible platform can serve as an example for future large-scale emergencies and epidemics

Lack of galectin-1 exacerbates chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model

Chronic liver inflammation (CLI) is a risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Galectin-1 (Gal1) is involved in the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis, exhibiting multiple anti-inflammatory and protumorigenic activities. We aimed to explore its regulatory role in CLI and HCC progression using an established model of CLI-mediated HCC development, Abcb4 [multidrug-resistance 2 (Mdr2)]-knockout (KO) mice, which express high levels of Gal1 in the liver. We generated double-KO (dKO) Gal1- KO/Mdr2-KO mice on C57BL/6 and FVB/N genetic backgrounds and compared HCC development in the generated strains with their parentalMdr2-KO strains. Loss of Gal1 increased liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and ductular reaction in dKO mice of both strains starting from an early age. Aged dKO mutants displayed earlier hepatocarcinogenesis and increased tumor size compared with control Mdr2-KO mice. We found that osteopontin, a well-knownmodulator of HCC development, and oncogenic proteins Ntrk2 (TrkB) and S100A4 were overexpressed in dKO compared with Mdr2-KO livers. Our results demonstrate that in Mdr2-KO mice, a model of CLI-mediated HCC, Gal1-mediated protection from hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and HCC initiation dominates over its known procarcinogenic activities at later stages of HCC development. These findings suggest that anti-Gal1 treatmentsmay not be applicable at all stages of CLI-mediated HCC.—Potikha, T., Pappo, O., Mizrahi, L., Olam, D., Maller, S. M., Rabinovich, G. A., Galun, E., Goldenberg, D. S. Lack of galectin-1 exacerbates chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in murine hepatocellular carcinoma model.Fil: Potikha, Tamara. Universidad Academica de Hadassa Jerusalem; IsraelFil: Pappo, Orit. Universidad Academica de Hadassa Jerusalem; IsraelFil: Mizrahi, Lina. Universidad Academica de Hadassa Jerusalem; IsraelFil: Olam, Devorah. Universidad Academica de Hadassa Jerusalem; IsraelFil: Maller, Sebastián M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rabinovich, Gabriel Adrián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Galun, Eithan. Universidad Academica de Hadassa Jerusalem; IsraelFil: Goldenberg, Daniel S.. Universidad Academica de Hadassa Jerusalem; Israe

Association of the 2011 ACGME Resident Duty Hour Reforms with Mortality and Readmissions among Hospitalized Medicare Patients

Importance Patient outcomes associated with the 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) duty hour reforms have not been evaluated at a national level. Objective To evaluate the association of the 2011 ACGME duty hour reforms with mortality and readmissions. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational study of Medicare patient admissions (6 384 273 admissions from 2 790 356 patients) to short-term, acute care, nonfederal hospitals (n = 3104) with principal medical diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, or congestive heart failure or a Diagnosis Related Group classification of general, orthopedic, or vascular surgery. Of the hospitals, 96 (3.1%) were very major teaching, 138 (4.4%) major teaching, 442 (14.2%) minor teaching, 443 (14.3%) very minor teaching, and 1985 (64.0%) nonteaching. Exposure Resident-to-bed ratio as a continuous measure of hospital teaching intensity. Main Outcomes and Measures Change in 30-day all-location mortality and 30-day all-cause readmission, comparing patients in more intensive relative to less intensive teaching hospitals before (July 1, 2009–June 30, 2011) and after (July 1, 2011–June 30, 2012) duty hour reforms, adjusting for patient comorbidities, time trends, and hospital site. Results In the 2 years before duty hour reforms, there were 4 325 854 admissions with 288 422 deaths and 602 380 readmissions. In the first year after the reforms, accounting for teaching hospital intensity, there were 2 058 419 admissions with 133 547 deaths and 272 938 readmissions. There were no significant postreform differences in mortality accounting for teaching hospital intensity for combined medical conditions (odds ratio [OR], 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96-1.03), combined surgical categories (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94-1.04), or any of the individual medical conditions or surgical categories. There were no significant postreform differences in readmissions for combined medical conditions (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97-1.02) or combined surgical categories (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.03). For the medical condition of stroke, there were higher odds of readmissions in the postreform period (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.001-1.13). However, this finding was not supported by sensitivity analyses and there were no significant postreform differences for readmissions for any other individual medical condition or surgical category. Conclusions and Relevance Among Medicare beneficiaries, there were no significant differences in the change in 30-day mortality rates or 30-day all-cause readmission rates for those hospitalized in more intensive relative to less intensive teaching hospitals in the year after implementation of the 2011 ACGME duty hour reforms compared with those hospitalized in the 2 years before implementation