Bridging knowledge gaps in liquid- and vapor-fed CO2 electrolysis through active electrode area

Increased use of gas diffusion electrodes for CO2 electroreduction widens the experimental phase space that was previously inaccessible using foil electrodes, raising fundamental questions over the impacts of key variables that translate between liquid- and vapor-fed CO2 electrolysis systems. This work focuses on studying the interplay of current-potential profiles and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) by implementing a Cu nanoflower catalyst morphology. The results show decreased overpotentials as much as 460 and 174 mV for foil and gas diffusion electrodes, respectively, while maintaining or improving multi-carbon product current density. These overpotential shifts and product activities normalized by ECSA lead to current-potential relationships akin to those of the Tafel description, which are found through a continuum model to be useful for describing the roughness dependence for both liquid- and vapor-fed systems. This analysis establishes a holistic approach for establishing catalyst design criteria to improve materials development for CO2 electrolysis technologies