On the spectral bands measurements for combustion monitoring

In this work, spatial–spectral experimental issues affecting the detection of radical emissions in a natural gas flame are discussed and studied by a radiometric analysis of the flame spectral emission. As results of this analysis, Local and Global Spectral Radiation Measurements (LSRM and GSRM respectively) techniques are proposed, and guidelines for selecting the radical emission bands and spatial location of photodetectors are given. Two types of experiments have been performed in order to demonstrate the reliability of the GSRM technique for combustion characterization. In the first experiment, the LSRM and the GSRM have been implemented by using a home made sensor array, based on silicon photodiodes, for sensing the excited CH* and C2 radicals in a natural gas flame. It has been experimentally that by using the GSRM, the signal’s dispersion can be reduced to about 86% for the CH* and 76% for the C2 with respect to the obtained values with LSRM methodology. In the second experiment, the GSRM technique has been applied for sensing the CH* and C2 radicals, where it has been found that the signals emissions ratio C2/CH* provides a good indicator of the thermal combustion efficiency and the CO pollutants emissions, with small dispersion. Thus, the GSRM technique has corroborated the usefulness of that ratio for combustion monitoring

Implementing REDD+ : learning from forest conservation policy and social safeguards frameworks in Cameroon

In the past a wide spectrum of conservation strategies has been used to manage forests and recently a country-driven policy instrument known as REDD+ has been proposed as a new tool for forest protection. This paper reviews a set of Cameroon policy instruments alongside 86 relevant publications in the conservation area to feed the existing REDD+ debate. Two specific shortcomings are identified: (1) incoherence between existing forestry policy instruments with regard to community forest concept and REDD+ rules and (2) locally over-constraining approaches used in forest management which would provide guidelines and caution about the REDD+ implementation. These shortcomings, if not considered, may lead to ineffectiveness of emission reduction programs as well as to social disconnection at the local level. This means that effective implementation of REDD+ will require further policy actions mainly dealing with actors' consents within developed equitable instruments while setting up efficient conflict management systems