The student-athletes coping strategy and sources of stress

The purpose of this study was to examine the sources of stress and coping strategies among university athletes. Fifteen athletes from a selected university Rugby Sport of Excellence Program in Malaysia aged between18 to 23 years old agreed to participate in this study. Starting from the top level, only 7% of the players have the experience playing at national level, a majority of 60% of them have the experience playing at the state level, 20% at the district level while 13% of the players only play at school level. Qualitative methodology was utilized in this investigation and the interview transcript was analyzed inductively. The results show four sources of stress: feeling nervous before the game, injuries, disruption from the audience and personal problems. Whereas, there are five coping strategies: social support, positive self-talk, mind set, remembering previous success and physical preparation. Recommendations were also suggested in the paper

Regulation of Apoptotic Effects by Erythrocarpine E, a Cytotoxic Limonoid from Chisocheton erythrocarpus in HSC-4 Human Oral Cancer Cells

The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of erythrocarpine E (CEB4), a limonoid extracted from Chisocheton erythrocarpus on human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Based on preliminary dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, CEB4 treated HSC-4 cells demonstrated a cytotoxic effect and inhibited cell proliferation in a time and dose dependent manner with an IC50 value of 4.0±1.9 µM within 24 h of treatment. CEB4 was also found to have minimal cytotoxic effects on the normal cell line, NHBE with cell viability levels maintained above 80% upon treatment. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and DNA fragmentation assay results showed that CEB4 induces apoptosis mediated cell death. Western blotting results demonstrated that the induction of apoptosis by CEB4 appeared to be mediated through regulation of the p53 signalling pathway as there was an increase in p53 phosphorylation levels. CEB4 was also found to up-regulate the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, while down-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, suggesting the involvement of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Reduced levels of initiator procaspase-9 and executioner caspase-3 zymogen were also observed following CEB4 exposure, hence indicating the involvement of cytochrome c mediated apoptosis. These results demonstrate the cytotoxic and apoptotic ability of erythrocarpine E, and suggest its potential development as a cancer chemopreventive agent

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Evaluation of MicroRNAs Regulating Anoikis Pathways and Its Therapeutic Potential

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in almost every known survival mechanisms utilized by cancer cells. One of such mechanisms, anoikis resistance, plays a pivotal role in enabling metastasis by allowing cancer cells to circumvent cell death induced by lack of attachment. Understanding how miRNAs regulate the various anoikis pathways has become the research question of increasing number of studies published in the past years. Through these studies, a growing list of miRNAs has been identified to be important players in promoting either anoikis or resistance to anoikis. In this review, we will be focusing on these miRNAs and how the findings from those studies can contribute to novel therapeutic strategies against cancer progression. We will be examining miRNAs that have been found to promote anoikis sensitivity in numerous cancer types followed by miRNAs that inhibit anoikis. In addition, we will also be taking a look at major signaling pathways involved in the action of the each of these miRNAs to gain a better understanding on how miRNAs regulate anoikis

P A A NEW AVERAGE METHOD FOR SOLVING INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

Abstract: In this paper a new average method is proposed for finding an optimal solution for an intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problem. The main feature of this method is that it requires very simple arithmetical calculations and avoids large number of iterations. An accuracy function to defuzzify Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number is also used. Based on this new approach, the optimal solution of Intuitionistic Fuzzy transportation problem is obtained. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach

Mixed Constraint Fuzzy Transshipment Problem

Abstract In this paper, a Fuzzy Transshipment problem is defined in which the origin and destination consist not only the equality but also of greater than or equal to or less than or equal to type constraints. An algorithm is proposed to change the mixed constraint fuzzy transshipment problem into a standard fuzzy transportation problem. The optimal solution for the fuzzy transportation problem is the optimal solution for the mixed constraint fuzzy transshipment problem

JIEB-linknet: An improved linknet with joint input encoder block for segmentation of retinal layers and fluid accumulation in OCT images

Age-related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Retinopathy, Edema as well as Glaucoma are considered as leading ophthalmology diseases result in permanent blindness unless diagnosed earlier. Vision Impairment may be associated with factors such as hereditary, lifestyle and age. Structural changes and fluid formation in the retina helps to investigate the prognosis. Optical coherence Tomography helps to visualize the retinal microstructures in a non-invasive manner. Identification of disease progression is time demanding when these OCT biomarkers are segmented by human experts. Recent findings show that, Semantic segmentation in deep learning is effective for class imbalance problems. This research work proposes an improved LinkNet architecture to delineate retinal layers and fluids concerning OCT images. The primary intention concerning the proposed segmentation network is to categorize 7 retinal layers and fluid as distinct classes. Two Joint input encoder blocks are included in the architecture, which accept multiple inputs from prior layers in order to preserve high resolution characteristics for exact segmentation. In addition, the hybrid loss functions were utilized for improving the prediction accuracy. This model was assessed over the public Duke dataset and the outputs demonstrate that this model attains a dice coefficient of 0.9