Scope and limitations of host plant resistance in pulses for the control of Helicoverpa ( = Heliothis)

Two important pulse crops, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) suffer major losses from pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera ~ib.) attack at most places and in most years in India. According to Reed (1983). in India alone H. armigera causes yield losses to a value of US $ 300 million in chickpea and pigeonpea each year. But these are generally grown without pesticide protection because of the high cost of sprayers and of insecticides, and difficulties in obtaining them, and problems in obtaining and conveying water to the field. Lack of .skill in their effective use is another important reason why most farmers do not use insecticides. Other factors such as toxicity, environmental pollution, the extermination of natural enemies and eventually, build-up of insecticide resistance in the pests make chemical control a risky and unsatisfactory pest management strategy. In the future, host plant resistance should be utilized where ever possible as an important component of Integrated Pest Management

Gram pod borer (Heliothis armigera) (Hub.) resistance in chickpeas

Heliothis armigera (Hub.) is the major pest of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) throughout the Old World. Since 1976, using an open-field screening technique at ICRISAT Centre in India > 12 000 germplasm accessions were screened, some of which were found to suffer considerably less pest damage than others. Subsequent tests confirmed a difference in susceptibility and found it to be the result of differences in oviposition and larval preference and retention on the plant. Cooperative studies with the Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry at Munich have shown that the amount of acid exudate on the leaves appears to be a useful criterion for distinguishing relatively resistant, from susceptible, genotypes. ICRISAT plant breeders are presently attempting to intensify this resistance and to combine it with other useful factors, including resistance to fusarium wilt

Institutional Factors and Personal Income Tax Compliance in Kaduna State-Nigeria

This study investigates the Institutional factors and Personal income tax compliance in Kaduna State- Nigeria. The population consist of all 991 registered self-employed business men and women that registered with the Directorate of Poverty Alleviation and lives in Kaduna, kafanchan  and Zaria cities of the State. Stratified random sampling was used to select the 285 respondents that form the sample size. Data were collected through administering of questionnaire while the techniques for data analysis are the descriptive statistics and multiple regressions. The study finds among others that good governance and taxpayers’ awareness have a positive significant relationship with the level of taxpayers’ compliance in the State. The study, therefore recommends that effective communication is necessary in order to publicize tax activities, mainly on compliance issues to the general public. Also, transparency and accountability should be the guiding principles in thought and action of government as the basis for good governance in the State. This can be achieved through aggressive human capital development, as this will go a long way in encouraging taxpayers to be more compliant in the state. Keywords: Institutional Factors. Personal Income Tax, Tax Complianc

Use of Online Learning Resources by Students: The Case of Crawford University, Nigeria

 In the past, access to library holdings was through cabinet boxes via card catalogue system which took time and warped users. Not anymore. From the comfort of one’s remote location, uninterrupted access to learning resources through the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) system is now the standard. This study investigates the level of awareness and the use of OPAC services by the undergraduate students of Crawford University, Nigeria. Focus is on the challenges encountered and possible solutions. Findings from 115 respondents show that majority of the respondents, 81.8%, are not aware of the OPAC services, 97.3% heavily rely on the library staff and the shelf list to locate and retrieve library resources, 90.0% rely on their peers, 94.5% wander from one shelf to the other while 65.5% scatter the shelves before they find what they are searching for! Orientation and re-orientation of the students toward OPAC and publicity hold the key to a visible and optimum use of the system. 

Cross-sectional associations between variations in ankle shape by statistical shape modeling, injury history, and race : the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project

Rheumatology Research Foundation Medical Student Preceptorship Award (Lateef/Nelson), NIAMS K23 AR061406 (Nelson); NIH/NIAMS P60AR064166 and U01DP003206 (Jordan/Renner), NIH/NIAMS R01AR067743 (Golightly). The funders had no role in study design; collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; writing the manuscript or the decision to submit for publication.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Tanaostigmodes cajaninae LaSalle sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Tanaostigmatidae), a potential pest of pigeon pea in India

Tanaostigmodes cajaninae LaSalle sp. n., the larvae of which feed in pods of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), is described. This insect, which also feeds on the weeds Atylosia spp. and Rhynchosia spp., has reached pest status on ICRISAT's research farm in Andhra Pradesh, India, where more than half of the pods on the late-maturing pigeon pea crops may be infested. However, surveys of the crops in farmers' fields in India showed that, although this insect is widespread, it is not yet a serious pest. The abnormal populations of this insect on the ICRISAT research farm appear to be associated with an abundance of its wild hosts, the availability of pigeon pea pods for many months in each year and the use of endosulfan, which does not control the pest but reduces its parasites. The potential for T. cajaninae to become a major pest in farmers' fields is discussed, and control measures are suggested

A Suggested System of Rating Pigeon Pea and Chick Pea Entries for Field Resistance to Heliothis Armigera.

To deal with the seasonal and year to year variation in the in tensive of infestation by Heliothis armigera in pigeonpea and chickpea, a method of grading test materials based on pest damage are is suggested. On the basis of this grading, the test meterials ar e rated for their relative susceptibility

Review Of Crop Losses Caused By Insect Pests In Pigeonpea Internationally And In India

A review of the pests and pest caused losses in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) grown in different parts of the World is given. At Patancheru (Andhra Pradesh, India1 pest damage assessments on some pigeonpea cultivars during 1975-77 showed that about 80% of the pigeonpea flowers were shed without setting pods and up to 32% of the shea flowers were found to he attacked by Insects. The relationship of the plants growth habit and the maturity period of the crop to the attack and damage by various pests is explained. A summary of pest damage recorded during extensive surveys of farmers' fields in India during 1975-81 is furnished

Survey of insect pest damage in farmers' fields in India

An outline is presented of the results, currently being analysed, of a survey of farmers' crops of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan] in 15 Indian States. The survey, which began in 1975, involved 1112 fields. In the southern zone (below 20 deg N. lat.), 41% of the pods were damaged by lepidopterous borers (mainly Heliothis armigera (Hb.)), 13.2% by Melanagromyza obtusa (Mall.), 2.6% by Tanaostigmodes sp. (which causes much more damage to pigeonpea on research farms than in farmers' fields) and 6.3% by bruchids. In the central zone (20-23 deg N. lat.), the corresponding percentages were 25.1, 21, 1.2 and 2.4. In the northern zone (above 23 deg N. lat.), the percentages were 15.8, 22.5, 0.1 and 0.1, respectivel