A study of adverse drug reactions among elderly patients in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions are major setback in the advancement of current therapeutic modalities and safe treatment becomes a challenge in elderly patients. Multifarious health issues in elderly patients require assorted groups of drugs leading to prominent ADRs (Adeverse drug reactions). This study was designed to analyse the most affront drug group causing ADRs among elderly patients and the most frequent signs and symptoms of ADR in tertiary care hospital.Methods: All elderly inpatients aged 60 years and above were included in the study. Clinical pharmacist monitored and reported ADRs which were analysed by pharmacologist and physicians. The drugs causing ADRs were identified and different signs and symptoms of ADR were evaluated.Results: A total of 810 (7.26%) ADRs were reported from 11157 inpatients. Out of 810 ADRs reported 320 (39.5%) ADRs were among elderly patients. ADR analyses showed a sight male predominance among elderly patients. Antibacterial agents were the most offended drug group contributing for 18.76% of ADR’s. Gastointestinal tract was the most frequently affected system with maximum number of ADRs 102 (31.88%).Conclusions: ADRs are major threat to hospitalized elderly patients. The risk of ADRs can be reduced by dosing the drug according to the age of the patient and by close monitoring of patients

Evaluation of antiulcer and antioxidant potential of Ipomoea Reniformis leaf extract against experimentally induced ulcer in rats

Background: Ulcer is a major disease of gastrointestinal system which affects about 10% of the world’s population. As conventional drugs can produce undesirable side effects on long term use it can be replaced by herbal medicines more safely. The study was designed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea reniformis against pyloric ligated ulcer and cold restraint stress induced ulcer models in rats.Methods: Male Wistar albino rats were used. 0.1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) was used as vehicle. Ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea reniformis was employed at two dose levels (200 and 400mg/kg). Omeprazole (10mg/kg) was used as reference control in both the models. The test drugs were administered by suspending in CMC, through oral route. In pyloric ligated ulcer model, gastric volume, ulcer index and percentage protection were measured. In cold restraint stress induced ulcer model, ulcer index and percentage protection was measured. The stomach homogenate was subjected to antioxidant profiles.Results: Ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea reniformis dose dependently decreased the gastric volume in pyloric ligated ulcer model and significantly reduced the ulcer index in both the models. Ipomoea reniformis in both the doses significantly protected the animals against stress-induced free radical damage due to decrease in LPO and reversal of changes induced by stress on SOD and CAT.Conclusions: From the result, it was concluded that the Ipomoea reniformis leaf extract exhibited antiulcer activity in both the tested models were due to its antisecretary and antioxidant property

Uterine low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: a case report with review of literature

Endometrial stromal sarcomas are rare uterine tumours usually seen in perimenopausal females. We report here a case of low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma in a 45 year female with a clinical diagnosis of fibroid uterus and final histological diagnosis of low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma

HDR Image Quality Assessment using Tone Mapping Operators

With the developments in Image acquisition techniques there is an increasing interest towards High Dynamic Range (HDR) images where the number of intensity levels ranges between 2 to 10,000. With these many intensity levels, the accurate representation of luminance variations is absolutely possible. But, because the standard display devices are devised to display Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images, there is a need to convert HDR image to LDR image without losing important image structures in HDR images. In the literature a number of techniques are proposed to get tone mapped image from HDR image. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze four TMOs, i.e., Linear Mode, Gamma Correction, Reinhard and Reinhard with color correction. A subjective analysis tells us that the Reinhard with color correction has produced better results. In this paper two new tone mapping operators are proposed

An 18 mer sequence in a rat 1.3 kbp EcoRI repeat detects genetic polymorphism in humans

DNA fingerprinting involves the typing of an individual's DNA content to produce somatically stable,individual-specific DNA fingerprints. This technique often uses hypervariable minisatellite (HVMS) sequences as the fingerprinting probe and has found extensive use in several disciplines. Recently, we sequenced a 1.3 kbp EcoRI repetitive DNA fragment, shown to harbour the meiotic DNA repair site(s) of rat pachytene spermatocytes. This 1.3 kbp clone contained four sequences sharing high homology to the various HVMS sequences reported in the literature. Here we show that one of the sequences can indeed detect polymorphism in human individuals and can be used for DNA fingerprinting

POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FRESH AND PHOTOACTIVATED GOMUTRA FOR STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIPATHOGENIC ACTIVITIES AGAINST VARIOUS PATHOGENS

Nowadays, the increase in use of antimicrobial drugs has been attributed to indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents and ongoing epidemics of HIV infection. These drugs are economically too expensive and inadequate for the treatment of diseases in developing countries, and it also has some serious side effects. Some pathogens have also become resistant to many commercially used antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to develop new infection-fighting strategies from natural source to control pathogenic infections without cause any side effects. The cow urine has a best source of natural compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In this present study, the cow urine was collected at different time intervals and the antibacterial activity of Photo activated, distillate and fresh raw cow urine were tested by agar well and pour plate method using the pathogenic microbes like pseudomonas auerogenisa, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The antioxidant activity of the Cow Urine and its fractions has been evaluated by Free Radical Scavenging Activity using DPPH assay method and Reducing Power Assay. In this result we found that the fresh and photo activated cow urine evidences for better antioxidant and antimicrobial activity by inhibiting Klebsiella pneumonia (31 and 27mm) compared to distillate. We conclude that the fresh and photo activated gomutra could be a potential source of natural antioxidant that would have greater importance as supportive therapy in slowing oxidative stress related degenerative diseases and also act as effective tool for inhibiting pathogenic infections

Hadron energy response of the Iron Calorimeter detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory

The results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of the hadron energy response for the magnetized Iron CALorimeter detector, ICAL, proposed to be located at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is presented. Using a GEANT4 modeling of the detector ICAL, interactions of atmospheric neutrinos with target nuclei are simulated. The detector response to hadrons propagating through it is investigated using the hadron hit multiplicity in the active detector elements. The detector response to charged pions of fixed energy is studied first, followed by the average response to the hadrons produced in atmospheric neutrino interactions using events simulated with the NUANCE event generator. The shape of the hit distribution is observed to fit the Vavilov distribution, which reduces to a Gaussian at high energies. In terms of the parameters of this distribution, we present the hadron energy resolution as a function of hadron energy, and the calibration of hadron energy as a function of the hit multiplicity. The energy resolution for hadrons is found to be in the range 85% (for 1GeV) -- 36% (for 15 GeV).Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures (24 eps files

Fodder Scenario and Hortipastoral Opportunities to Enhance Fodder Production in India

Food grain production and livestock production are closely related in India as crop-residue forms the major source of fodder for livestock. It’s thus assumed that increase in food grain production has positive effect on availability of dry matter to the livestock. Using land use classification, crop production (2015 to 2020) and livestock census (2019) data, dry matter (DM) availability for livestock for 28 states of India was estimated. Hortipastoral opportunities by estimating area available under orchards in southern India were done to assess the possibility of introducing fodder crops in orchards. Some of the fodder crops were introduced in orchards of livestock farmers to know how fodder crops address the issue of fodder availability at household level. The lowest DM available state was Assam (52.80 % availability) and highest available state was Haryana (110.80 %). Eight states have surplus DM (+110.80% to +2.3%). Twelve states experience DM deficiency (-2.96 to -47.20%). Inter spaces in orchards, a niche to cultivate fodder crops to reduce such fodder shortage, estimated to produce 67.13 MT of green fodder sufficing yearly requirement of 13.57 million Adult Cattle Units. Adult Cattle Unit is a reference unit which facilitates the aggregation of livestock from various species and age using specific coefficients derived based on the nutritional and feed requirement of each type of animal. Perennial fodder crops were introduced to 450 Mango and Coconut farmers (from 2016-2021) that reduced fodder shortage (50.6±4.39 to 9±1.64%)

Management of tibial diaphyseal fractures with linear external skeletal fixators using carbon connecting rods in dogs

Dogs (12) with unstable tibial diaphyseal fractures, selected for this study, were stabilized with bilateral uniplanar Type II external skeletal fixators using stainless steel positive profile centrally threaded transfixation full pins, 2- way AO clamps and indigenously designed carbon fiber rods. Clinical lameness evaluation and radiographic evaluation for fixator stability, fragment alignment and callus formation were studied. Post-operatively, no breakage or bending of the carbon fiber rods was seen throughout the fixation period. Fixator staged disassembly and complete removal was done on an average 4–9 weeks in all cases which showed grade I lameness after removal. Complications like pin tract infection, wound at suture site due to wound dehiscence and wound at pin-skin interface were seen, which subsided later without any affect on bone healing. Lameness grading, pain score and radiographic evaluation of healing were estimated in all the cases throughout the fixation period. ESF using carbon fiber connecting rod appears as a practicable method for repair of tibial diaphyseal fractures with minimum risk of fixator destabilization. Fixator staged disassembly at 4 weeks accelerated bone healing and promoted earlier limb function