Flow and Turbulence Measurements in a Diagonal Brush Fish Pass: A Field Study

This study aims to investigate flow and turbulence structure of a diagonal brush fish passage which has been constructed at the existing Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) on İyidere River on the East Black Sea Coast of Turkey. The flow and turbulence characteristics of diagonal brush fish pass were investigated in a 1.1 m wide rectangular flume with a bed slope of 10% for Reynolds and Froude number ranging between 3.45x104-2.4x105 and 0.15-0.16, respectively. By taking into account dynamic upstream water levels (H=101.20 m to H=102.05 m) of fish pass structure throughout the year, the vertical velocity profiles of different flow regions have been obtained by using Nivus instrument; whereas the turbulence quantities were gathered by measuring the three-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields using Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The flow data were grouped for 4 different relative submergence of bristles. Thus, the analysis is done based on a physical basis and it will contain the most important hydraulic parameters of velocity field, turbulence, and flow depth for fish passage design. The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows: (i) a significant proportion of energy dissipation (\u3e50%) takes place in the brush plates with the vibration and bending of bristles, (ii) turbulent kinetic energy seems to be considerably lower for a same dissipated power in brush fish pass than other conventional fish passes (vertical slot and nature type), (iii) the turbulence intensities in the lateral velocity component were an important contributor to turbulence, and (iv) when the bristles are submerged the maximum turbulent kinetic energy value is tripled. The flow is quasi-uniform and in subcritical regime which provides different migration corridors with typical hydraulic conditions and, very important for the fish, these corridors continue through the complete fish pass. The results from this study would be useful to fish-pass designers

Turbulent length-time scales distributions in hydraulic jumps

Air–water flow measurements were performed in hydraulic jump flows for a range of inflow Froude numbers. The experiments were conducted in a large-sized facility using phase-detection intrusive probes. The void fraction measurements showed the presence of an advective diffusion shear layer where the air concentration vertical distributions were successfully compared with an analytical solution of the advective diffusion equation for air bubbles. In the air–water shear layer, a new empirical relationship between the maximum air concentration decay as a function of both the distance from the jump toe and the inflow Froude number was derived. Air–water turbulent time and length scales were deduced from auto- and cross-correlation analyses based on the method of Chanson (2007). The result provided some characteristic transverse time and length scales of the eddy structures advecting the air bubbles in the developing shear layer. The turbulence time scale data showed an increase with the relative elevation above the bed, as well as some decrease with increasing distance from the toe. The dimensionless integral turbulent length scale Lxz/d1 was closely related to the inflow depth

Renewable energy policy in Turkey

Abstract: This study aims to explore the availability and potential of renewable energy sources in Turkey and discuss the government policies and economic aspects. Turkey is a country which has the highest hydropower and wind energy potential among European countries. Current energy policy of Turkey primarily aims to maximize geothermal, wind and hydropower potential of the country in next 15 years. In Several incentives were developed for electricity generation from renewable energy sources by the publication of Law No. 5346 in 2005. The most important ones are: ease of land acquisition and feed-in-tariffs which promises purchasing of electricity generated by legal entities with a price of 5-5.5 €c/kWh. Since Turkey is a European Union (EU) candidate its laws and regulations must be compatible with EU. As the legislation in EU member states is investigated it is apparent that Law No. 5346 should be restructured. This should include: (i) redetermination of feed-in-tariff amount according to type and capacity of renewable energy source, (ii) taking installed capacity into account instead of reservoir area for hydroelectric power plants as renewable energy source, (iii) making detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report obligatory for renewable energy plants. The emphasis has been given on hydropower and wind energy. The renewable energy policy of Turkey has been compared with the advanced economies in Europe like Germany and Norwa

Two common nonsynonymous paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and brain astrocytoma and meningioma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays a major role in the metabolism of several organophosphorus compounds. The enzyme is encoded by the polymorphic gene <it>PON1</it>, located on chromosome 7q21.3. Aiming to identify genetic variations related to the risk of developing brain tumors, we investigated the putative association between common nonsynonymous <it>PON1 </it>polymorphisms and the risk of developing astrocytoma and meningioma.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Seventy one consecutive patients with brain tumors (43 with astrocytoma grade II/III and 28 with meningioma) with ages ranging 21 to 76 years, and 220 healthy controls subjects were analyzed for the frequency of the nonsynonymous <it>PON1 </it>genotypes L55M rs854560 and Q192R rs662. All participants were adult Caucasian individuals recruited in the central area of Spain.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The frequencies of the <it>PON1 </it>genotypes and allelic variants of the polymorphisms <it>PON1 </it>L55M and <it>PON1 </it>Q192R did not differ significantly between patients with astrocytoma and meningioma and controls. The minor allele frequencies were as follows: <it>PON1 </it>55L, 0.398, 0.328 and 0.286 for patients with astrocytoma, meningioma and control individuals, respectively; <it>PON1 </it>192R, 0.341, 0.362 and 0.302 for patients with astrocytoma, meningioma and control individuals, respectively. Correction for age, gender, or education, made no difference in odds ratios and the <it>p </it>values remained non-significant. Haplotype association analyses did not identify any significant association with the risk of developing astrocytoma or meningioma.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Common nonsynonymous <it>PON1 </it>polymorphisms are not related with the risk of developing astrocytoma and meningioma.</p

Discussion of "Energy dissipation on block ramps with staggered boulders" by Z. Ahmad, N. M. Petappa, and B. Westrich

[No abstract available

Municipal water supply dams as a source of small hydropower in Turkey

In Turkey the laws published in recent years succeeded in promoting the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation. After the publication of Renewable Energy Law on 18 May 2005 in Turkey there occurred a boost in renewable energy projects along with hydropower development. Thus, the economically feasible hydropower potential of Turkey increased 15% and the construction of hydropower plants also increased by a factor of four in 2007 as compared to 2006. From this perspective, this paper was aimed to evaluate the small hydropower potential of municipal water supply dams of Turkey and discussed the current situation of SHP plants in terms of the government policy. It is estimated that the installing small hydropower plants to exiting 45 municipal water supply dams in Turkey will generate 173 GWh/year electric energy without effecting the natural environment. For a case study, Zonguldak Ulutan Dam and its water treatment plant has been investigated in detail. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Discussion of "Unobstructed and obstructed turbulent flow in gravel bed rivers" by Hans M. Tritico and Rollin H. Hotchkiss

[No abstract available

Hydropower potential of municipal water supply dams in Turkey: A case study in Ulutan Dam

This paper aims to analyze the hydropower potential of municipal water supply dams in Turkey. The facility is in favor with the energy policy of Turkish Government and European Union. In the study, the design head of the power plant was selected as the average water level of the reservoir and the discharge was calculated from the annual water supply of the dam. It has been estimated that the existing 45 municipal water supply dams of Turkey have an electric energy potential of 173GWh/year, corresponding to about 24,000,000 Euro/year economic benefit. The financing of these facilities can be provided from international funding institutions. For a case study, Zonguldak Ulutan Dam and its water treatment plant have been investigated in detail. The current electricity consumption of the water treatment plant is 4,500,000kWh/year and the facility provides 35,000m 3/day water to 6 settlements. The installation of a hydropower plant on the mentioned water treatment plant will cut the electric consumption by 24%. The proposed project has a payback period of 1.4 years and it can produce clean and feasible energy. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd

How Roman engineers selected their water supplies

An account of a historical Roman water supply system in Zonguldak, northwest Turkey on the Black Sea coast is presented. This ancient water supply system demonstrates Roman engineering expertise in water management and hydraulic engineering applications. Although there is a river located near the Roman city (Filyos) with an average annual discharge of 89 m3/s (1970-2005 data), Roman engineers preferred to provide water from a 15 km distant karstic spring. The region, unlike the Mediterranean region, has good rainfall (1100 mm), which indicates another water quality criterion for selecting the karst spring as a water source. The most important factor in the Roman choice appears to be water temperature. This selection criterion closely agrees with suggestions on water quality issues made by the Roman architect Vitruvius

Discussion of "energy dissipation on reinforced block ramps" by S. Pagliara and P. Chiavaccini

[No abstract available