Universal Seesaw Mass Matrix Model with an S_3 Symmetry

Stimulated by the phenomenological success of the universal seesaw mass matrix model, where the mass terms for quarks and leptons f_i (i=1,2,3) and hypothetical super-heavy fermions F_i are given by \bar{f}_L m_L F_R +\bar{F}_L m_R f_R + \bar{F}_L M_F F_R + h.c. and the form of M_F is democratic on the bases on which m_L and m_R are diagonal, the following model is discussed: The mass terms M_F are invariant under the permutation symmetry S_3, and the mass terms m_L and m_R are generated by breaking the S_3 symmetry spontaneously. The model leads to an interesting relation for the charged lepton masses.Comment: 8 pages + 1 table, latex, no figures, references adde

A Unified Description of Quark and Lepton Mass Matrices in a Universal Seesaw Model

In the democratic universal seesaw model, the mass matrices are given by \bar{f}_L m_L F_R + \bar{F}_L m_R f_R + \bar{F}_L M_F F_R (f: quarks and leptons; F: hypothetical heavy fermions), m_L and m_R are universal for up- and down-fermions, and M_F has a structure ({\bf 1}+ b_f X) (b_f is a flavour-dependent parameter, and X is a democratic matrix). The model can successfully explain the quark masses and CKM mixing parameters in terms of the charged lepton masses by adjusting only one parameter, b_f. However, so far, the model has not been able to give the observed bimaximal mixing for the neutrino sector. In the present paper, we consider that M_F in the quark sectors are still "fully" democratic, while M_F in the lepton sectors are partially democratic. Then, the revised model can reasonably give a nearly bimaximal mixing without spoiling the previous success in the quark sectors.Comment: 7 pages, no figur

Tribimaximal Neutrino Mixing and a Relation Between Neutrino- and Charged Lepton-Mass Spectra

Brannen has recently pointed out that the observed charged lepton masses satisfy the relation m_e +m_\mu +m_\tau = {2/3} (\sqrt{m_e}+\sqrt{m_\mu}+\sqrt{m_\tau})^2, while the observed neutrino masses satisfy the relation m_{\nu 1} +m_{\nu 2} +m_{\nu 3} = {2/3} (-\sqrt{m_{\nu 1}}+\sqrt{m_{\nu 2}}+\sqrt{m_{\nu 3}})^2. It is discussed what neutrino Yukawa interaction form is favorable if we take the fact pointed out by Brannen seriously.Comment: 13 pages, presentation modifie

Crop establishment methods and Zn nutrition in Bt-cotton: Direct effects on system productivity, economic-efficiency and water-productivity in Bt-cotton-wheat cropping system and their residual effects on yield and Zn biofortification in wheat

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi (India) during kharif and rabi seasons of 2013–14 and 2014–15 to assess the performance of 2 crop establishment methods (CEMs) of Bt-cotton [Direct sowing and transplanting] and 5 zinc (Zn) levels [0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 kg Zn/ha through zinc sulphate hepta hydrate (ZSHH) and 0.5% ZnSO4 (ZSHH) foliar spray at 60 and 90 days after planting] applied to Bt-cotton on the system productivity, production–efficiency, economic–efficiency and water–productivity of Bt-cotton–wheat cropping system; as well as their residual effects on succeeding wheat in a Bt-cotton–wheat cropping system (CWCS) in a semi–arid Indo–Gangetic Plains Region (IGPR). In succeeding wheat, the residual effects of Zn levels applied to cotton were also compared with direct effect of Zn applied to wheat by replacing the foliar Zn spray treatment of cotton with Zn @ 5 kg/ha in wheat. The results revealed that direct and residual effects of cotton CEMs were non–significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat. However, the residual effects of Zn @ 5 and 7.5 kg/ha were significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat. Direct effect of Zn @ 5 kg/ha applied in wheat was at par with residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applied to cotton. In general, wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively. Similarly on wheat straw yield. The influence of cotton CEMs on CWCS system productivity was non–significant. However, direct and residual effects of Zn levels induced a marked variation in CWCS system productivity as well as residual Zn fertility. Successive increase in Zn levels from 0 to 5 kg/ha in cotton resulted in significant increase in system productivity; thereafter, application of Zn @ 7.5 kg/ha revealed a non–significant influence. On an average, CWCS system productivity enhanced by 7.7% due to direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat, and by 4.8, 10 and 9.9% due to residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha over control. With successive increase in Zn–levels to cotton, a significant Zn–enrichment of wheat grain and straw was also observed. Cotton CEMs exhibited a significant influence on Zn content and uptake in wheat straw but with non-significant influence on wheat grains. Again, cotton CEMs exhibited a non–significant influence on system production–efficiency (PE), economic–efficiency (EE) and profitability. On the other hand, successive increase in Zn levels to cotton resulted in perceptible increase in system PE and EE up to 5 kg Zn/ha. Foliar Zn spray to cotton and direct Zn application to wheat also exhibited significant increase in system PE and EE over control, but, this treatment was at par with direct and residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha. There was a significant influence of CEMs and Zn levels on water–use–efficiency (WUE) and water–productivity (WP) in CWCS. Residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha applied to cotton resulted in significantly higher net returns (NR) and benefit: cost ratio (BCR). Direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha to wheat also exhibited higher NR and BCR in CWCS over control and residual effect of 2.5 kg Zn/ha. Overall, successive increase in Zn–levels led to significant enhancement in system productivity, PE, EE and water productivity up to 5 kg Zn/ha. The residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applied to Bt-cotton exhibited a significant influence on productivity, profitability and Zn biofortification of succeeding wheat which also remained at par with direct application of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat in a Bt-cotton–wheat cropping system in a semi–arid IGPR

A Note on Embedding of M-Theory Corrections into Eleven-Dimensional Superspace

By analyzing eleven-dimensional superspace fourth-rank superfield strength F-Bianchi identities, we show that M-theory corrections to eleven-dimensional supergravity can not be embedded into the mass dimension zero constraints, such as the (\g^{a b})_{\a\b} X_{a b}{}^c or i (\g^{a_1... a_5})_{\a\b} X_{a_1... a_5}{}^c -terms in the supertorsion constraint T_{\a\b}{}^c. The only possible modification of superspace constraint at dimension zero is found to be the scaling of F_{\a\b c d} like F_{\a\b c d} = (1/2) \big(\g_{c d}\big)_{\a\b} e^\Phi for some real scalar superfield \Phi, which alone is further shown not enough to embed general M-theory corrections. This conclusion is based on the dimension zero F-Bianchi identity under the two assumptions: (i) There are no negative dimensional constraints on the F-superfield strength: F_{\a\b\g\d} = F_{\a\b\g d} =0; (ii) The supertorsion T-Bianchi identities and F-Bianchi identities are not modified by Chern-Simons terms. Our result can serve as a powerful tool for future exploration of M-theory corrections embedded into eleven-dimensional superspace supergravity.Comment: 14 pages, latex, some minor typos corrected, as well as old section 5 deleted, due to the subtlety about Chern-Simons term in F-Bianchi identitie

Neutrino Masses and Mixings in a Universal Seesaw Mass Matrix Model

Neutrino masses and mixings are investigated on the basis of a universal seesaw mass matrix model, in which quark (except for top) and charged lepton mass matrices M_f and neutrino mass matrix M_\nu are given by M_f \simeq m_L M_F^{-1} m_R and M_\nu \simeq m_L M_F^{-1} m_L^T (F=N), respectively. For a simple model which can successfully describe quark masses and mixings, we find that the observed neutrino data (except for the solar neutrino data) are favor to the intermediate mass scales O(m_R) = 10^{11} GeV and O(M_F)= 10^{13} GeV together with O(m_L)= 10^2 GeV. In spite of the largesse of O(m_R), the observed top quark mass can be consistently understood from the would-be seesaw mass matrix with these mass scales.Comment: 19 pages (Latex file

Sulphur and Zn management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system: Direct effects on system productivity and residual effects on yield, energetics and Zn biofortification in wheat

A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2013–14 and 2014–15 at IARI, New Delhi; to evaluate the direct and residual effects of three sulphur (S) levels (0, 20 and 40 kg S/ ha), four zinc (Zn) levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha) and two zinc biofertilizer levels (control and zinc biofertilizer seed treatment) on the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.} cropping system (GWCS). Results pertaining to direct effects on system productivity and residual effects on performance of wheat have been included in this paper. Across the seasons, residual effects of 40 kg S/ha and 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha were perceptible on the grain and straw yield, economics, energetics, and S and Zn uptake in wheat crop. Based on 2 years’ average, wheat grain yield increased by 4.9%, net profit by ` 4 200/ha and energy returns by 8.3×103 MJ due to residual effect of 40 kg S/ha over control. On an average, application of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha to groundnut led to increased wheat grain yield by 4.1 and 4.5%, net profit by ` 3 300 and ` 4 000/ha, and energy returns by 6.1×103 and 7.8 ×103 MJ, respectively due to residual fertility. With successive increase in Zn–levels to groundnut, a significant Zn–enrichment of wheat grain and straw was also observed in the current study. However, no residual effect of Zn–solubilizer was noticed on wheat crop. On an average, application of 40 kg S/ha and 5 kg Zn/ha was found to enhance the GWCS system productivity by 16.8 and 12.2% over control, respectively; besides respective significant higher economic–efficiency of ` 299 and 287/ha/day. Perceptible variations were also noticed in the system productivity and economic–efficiency following Zn–solubilizer application over the control. Overall, it is concluded that application of S @ 40 kg/ha and Zn @ 5 kg/ha to groundnut had marked residual effect on wheat productivity, profitability, energy dynamics besides Zn biofortification in wheat. The direct application of S @ 40 kg/ ha and Zn @ 5 kg/ha also led to significant enhancement in groundnut pod yield, system productivity, system production- efficiency and system economic-efficiency as well, indicating that S @ 40 kg/ha and Zn @ 5 kg/ha are sufficient enough to meet the S and Zn requirement of GWCS

Interacting Vector-Spinor and Nilpotent Supersymmetry

We formulate an interacting theory of a vector-spinor field that gauges anticommuting spinor charges \{Q_\alpha{}^I, Q_\beta{}^J \} = 0 in arbitrary space-time dimensions. The field content of the system is (\psi_\mu{}^{\alpha I}, \chi^{\alpha I J}, A_\mu{}^I), where \psi_\mu{}^{\alpha I} is a vector-spinor in the adjoint representation of an arbitrary gauge group, and A_\mu{}^I is its gauge field, while \chi^{\alpha I J} is an extra spinor with antisymmetric adjoint indices I J. Amazingly, the consistency of the vector-spinor field equation is maintained, despite its non-trivial interactions.Comment: 10 pages, no figure

Unified Universal Seesaw Models

A set of Grand Unified Theories based upon the gauge groups SU(5)_\L \times SU(5)_\R, SO(10)_\L \times SO(10)_\R and SU(4)_\C \times SU(4)_\L \times SU(4)_\R is explored. Several novel features distinguish these theories from the well-known $SU(5)$, $SO(10)$ and SU(4)_\C \times SU(2)_\L \times SU(2)_\R models which they generalize. Firstly, Standard Model quarks and leptons are accompanied by and mix with heavy SU(2)_\L \times SU(2)_\R singlet partners. The resulting fermion mass matrices are seesaw in form. Discrete parity symmetries render the determinants of these mass matrices real and eliminate CP violating gauge terms. The unified seesaw models consequently provide a possible resolution to the strong CP problem. Secondly, \sinsq at the unification scale is numerically smaller than the experimentally measured $Z$ scale value. The weak angle must therefore increase as it evolves down in energy. Finally, proton decay is suppressed by small seesaw mixing factors in all these theories.Comment: 22 pages with 2 figures not included but available upon request, CALT-68-185