Physiological and cell ultrastructure disturbances in wheat seedlings generated by Chenopodium murale hairy root exudate.

Chenopodium murale L. is an invasive weed species significantly interfering with wheat crop. However, the complete nature of its allelopathic influence on crops is not yet fully understood. In the present study, the focus is made on establishing the relation between plant morphophysiological changes and oxidative stress, induced by allelopathic extract. Phytotoxic medium of C. murale hairy root clone R5 reduced the germination rate (24% less than control value) of wheat cv. Nataša seeds, as well as seedling growth, diminishing shoot and root length significantly, decreased total chlorophyll content, and induced abnormal root gravitropism. The R5 treatment caused cellular structural abnormalities, reflecting on the root and leaf cell shape and organization. These abnormalities mostly included the increased number of mitochondria and reorganization of the vacuolar compartment, changes in nucleus shape, and chloroplast organization and distribution. The most significant structural changes were observed in cell wall in the form of amoeboid protrusions and folds leading to its irregular shape. These structural alterations were accompanied by an oxidative stress in tissues of treated wheat seedlings, reflected as increased level of H2O2 and other ROS molecules, an increase of radical scavenging capacity and total phenolic content. Accordingly, the retardation of wheat seedling growth by C. murale allelochemicals may represent a consequence of complex activity involving both cell structure alteration and physiological processes.This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Protoplasma. The final authenticated version is available online at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1250-0

Clinical practice guideline exercise and lifestyle in chronic kidney disease

Clinical practice guideline exercise and lifestyle in chronic kidney diseas

Clinical practice guideline exercise and lifestyle in chronic kidney disease

The statement that ‘if exercise were a pill it would be one of the most widely prescribed and cost-effective drugs ever invented’ has been used many times, with many slightly different iterations and with good reason; because the evidence is compelling, and the message is clear that being active provides a foundation for a longer, healthier and happier life.Although other national and international kidney disease guideline documents include some basic recommendations for physical activity and lifestyle, at the time of publication this is the first document of its kind to set out the evidence for those people living with kidney disease, including those on haemodialysis and with a kidney transplant.The scope of these guidelines was agreed by a multi-professional group of healthcare experts, experienced in this field, over three separate meetings of the UK Kidney Research Consortium Clinical Study Group for Exercise and Lifestyle. The authors and guideline development group entirely accept that physical activity recommendations comprise the majority of this document; this is intentional to avoid duplicating expert evidence that can be found elsewhere. Throughout, these national and international resources have been signposted, where appropriate.Systematic literature searches were undertaken to identify all published clinical evidence relevant to the review questions and the exact parameters are outlined below. As well as pragmatic audit measures, we have included ‘Points for implementation’ which we hope will help to translate some of the recommendations into clinical practice in your units.</p