RS-25 for the NASA Cargo Launch Vehicle: The Evolution of SSME for Space Exploration

A key element of the National Vision for Space Exploration is the development of a heavy-lift Cargo Launch Vehicle (CaLV). Missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond are only possible with the logistical capacity of putting large payloads in low-earth orbit. However, beyond simple logistics, there exists the need for this capability to be as cost effective as possible to ensure mission sustainability. An element of the CaLV project is, therefore, the development of the RS-25, which represents the evolution of the proven Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) into a high-performance, cost-effective expendable rocket engine. The development of the RS-25 will be built upon the foundation of over one million seconds of accumulated hot-fire time on the SSME. Yet in order to transform the reusable SSME into the more cost-effective, expendable RS-25 changes will have to be made. Thus the project will inevitably strive to maintain a balance between demonstrated heritage products and processes and the utilization of newer technology developments. Towards that end, the Core Stage Engine Office has been established at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to initiate the design and development of the RS-25 engine. This paper is being written very early in the formulation phase of the RS-25 project. Therefore the focus of this paper will be to present the scope, challenges, and opportunities for the RS-25 project. Early schedules and development decisions and plans will be explained. For not only must the RS-25 project achieve cost effectiveness through the development of new, evolved components such as a channel-wall nozzle, a new HIP-bonded main combustion chamber, and several others, it must simultaneously develop the means whereby this engine can be manufactured on a scale never envisioned for the SSME. Thus, while the overall project will span the next eight to ten years, there is little doubt that even this schedule is aggressive with a great deal of work to accomplish

Current control system of the power supplies for LHD superconducting coils

The LHD is a fusion experimental facility using a large-scale superconducting coil system. The coil system includes six sets of superconducting coils, and six DC power supplies are used to charge them. For the current controllers of these power supplies, high accuracy of current control, fast response and robustness of the system are required. This paper describes the current control system for the LHD DC power supplies. First, the outline of the power system is presented, and then, the current controllers for the LHD are described. Finally, experimental results are presented and discussed in case of coil excitation using these control systems. The results show the various characteristics for each control system and indicate its possibility to control the system according to the requirements from a plasma experiment

Weak Long-Ranged Casimir Attraction in Colloidal Crystals

We investigate the influence of geometric confinement on the free energy of an idealized model for charge-stabilized colloidal suspensions. The mean-field Poisson-Boltzmann formulation for this system predicts pure repulsion among macroionic colloidal spheres. Fluctuations in the simple ions' distribution provide a mechanism for the macroions to attract each other at large separations. Although this Casimir interaction is long-ranged, it is too weak to influence colloidal crystals' dynamics.Comment: 5 pages 2 figures ReVTe

Identifikasi Kadar Vitamin C Ekstrak Rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Hasil Ekstraksi Berbantu Gelombang Mikro

Bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan, diantaranya memiliki kandungan vitamin C yang cukup tinggi. Vitamin C dibutuhkan oleh manusia untuk menjaga metabolisme tubuh. Vitamin C memiliki sifat mudah teroksidasi oleh udara, panas dan cahaya sehingga diperlukan metode ekstraksi yang tepat untuk memperoleh vitamin C dari ekstrak. Ekstraksi berbantu gelombang mikro merupakan metode ekstraksi modern yang dipilih karena sesuai untuk ekstraksi senyawa termolabil, dapat mempersingkat waktu ekstraksi dan meningkatkan hasil ekstraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh level daya, volume dan waktu ekstraksi terhadap kandungan vitamin C ekstrak rosela. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa level daya, volume pelarut dan waktu ekstraksi berpengaruh terhadap kadar vitamin C ekstrak rosela. Vitamin C tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan level daya 50%, volume pelarut 300 mL dan waktu ekstraksi 3 menit yaitu sebesar 21,527 mg/100g

Measurement of diffusion thermopower in the quantum Hall systems

We have measured diffusion thermopower in a two-dimensional electron gas at low temperature ($T$=40 mK) in the field range 0 $<B<$ 3.4 T, by employing the current heating technique. A Hall bar device is designed for this purpose, which contains two crossing Hall bars, one for the measurement and the other used as a heater, and is equipped with a metallic front gate to control the resistivity of the areas to be heated. In the low magnetic field regime ($B\leq$ 1 T), we obtain the transverse thermopower $S_{yx}$ that quantitatively agrees with the $S_{yx}$ calculated from resistivities using the generalized Mott formula. In the quantum Hall regime ($B\geq$ 1T), we find that $S_{yx}$ signal appears only when both the measured and the heater area are in the resistive (inter-quantum Hall transition) region. Anomalous gate-voltage dependence is observed above $\sim$1.8 T, where spin-splitting in the measured area becomes apparent.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, EP2DS-1

Thermohydrodynamics in Quantum Hall Systems

A theory of thermohydrodynamics in two-dimensional electron systems in quantizing magnetic fields is developed including a nonlinear transport regime. Spatio-temporal variations of the electron temperature and the chemical potential in the local equilibrium are described by the equations of conservation with the number and thermal-energy flux densities. A model of these flux densities due to hopping and drift processes is introduced for a random potential varying slowly compared to both the magnetic length and the phase coherence length. The flux measured in the standard transport experiment is derived and is used to define a transport component of the flux density. The equations of conservation can be written in terms of the transport component only. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the Ettingshausen effect, in which a one-dimensional spatial variation of the electron temperature is produced perpendicular to the current.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur

Electrolytic depletion interactions

We consider the interactions between two uncharged planar macroscopic surfaces immersed in an electrolyte solution which are induced by interfacial selectivity. These forces are taken into account by introducing a depletion free-energy density functional, in addition to the usual mean-field Poisson-Boltzmann functional. The minimization of the total free-energy functional yields the density profiles of the microions and the electrostatic potential. The disjoining pressure is obtained by differentiation of the total free energy with respect to the separation of the surfaces, holding the range and strength of the depletion forces constant. We find that the induced interaction between the two surfaces is always repulsive for sufficiently large separations, and becomes attractive at shorter separations. The nature of the induced interactions changes from attractive to repulsive at a distance corresponding to the range of the depletion forces.Comment: 17 pages, 4 Postscript figures, submitted to Physical Review