Analisis Cost Overrun (Studi Kasus : Proyek Paper Machine 3 Kab. Pelalawan)

The implementation of contraction Project is often delay schedule and there has cost overrun. This paper machine project has a set time and cost limit. When the time and the cost have been exhausted but there hasn't finished the jobs. Therefore, the cost overrun analysis and factor causing are needed to analysis. The analysis used the conceptual method of the result value and interview, which supported by primary and secondary data. Primary data gotten by interview and documentation. Meanwhile, secondary data gotten by written materials as project data. The research result on august showed that the value of variance schedule (SV) is late -0.70%, the variance cost (CV) is reach -0,32%, the variance budged (BV) is 3,19%, schedule Performed Index (SPI) is late 0,96 and cost performed index (CPI) 0,83.The calculation of Estimated At Complication (EAC) is Rp. 59.511.620.988. The cost overrun presentation to the end of the project is 3.5% or Rp. 2.287.285.802 to the contract value. The caused cost overrun are improper cost estimates, incomplete information project, difficulty implementation schedule, the changes of implementation project and weather factor

Analisa Besarnya Konstribusi Biaya Tak Langsung terhadap Harga Jual Rumah pada Perumahan Jenis Cluster Tipe 45 di Kota Pekanbaru (Studi Kasus : Perumahan Mini Cluster Nirwana Cipta)

The growth of property business in Pekanbaru creates a good economic growth. In 2011, this sector gives 27,72% income and improve the house demand indirectly. People ask for a good, healthy, safe, and well organized housing for midle people. Mini cluster is one of the choice for the housing, since this type of house combine a simple house with cluster concept, fully equipped with infrastructure facility and a full utility.There are two main fund in building a housing; direct and indirect costs. Direct costs is costs that we need for buiding the physic of the house, while the other costs is costs that we need for facility costs, legal permission costs, planning and economic costs. Indirect costs will be paid by buyers. So, the price paid by the buyers include facility building, legal permission, planning, and economic costs.In this research, writer has identified that the contribution of indirect costs give a big impact in house price and the profit. In percentage, the contribution of indirect costs is bigger than the profit. We can see that from 45/112 type house has 65, 75% for direct costs, 19% indirect costs, and 15, 25% for the profit. While for 45/143 type house, the percentage is 64, 13% for direct costs, 20, 19% for indirect costs, and 15, 68% for the profit. Facilities offered in mini cluster Nirwana Cipta housing are neighborhood street, closed drainage, small park in every unit, street lamp, and gate (one gate system)

Optimasi Lokasi dan Stasiun Pemadan Kebakaran di Kota Bangkinang

Kampar district is an area with growth rate, high migration and urbanization. The development of an increasing number of people have an impact on the movement system in Kampar district, particularly Bangkinang city. Crowd and narrow access roads and the installation of the portal, the number of vehicle and traffic congestion is a barrier in the acceleration speed fire fighting units to arrive at the disaster site. A complicating factor is the outage channel away hydran /water ways/ river around the fire scene. This study aim to creating an optimal plan to determine the location where the fire station was placed. Given the potential for fire is becoming increasingly significant, these hazards must be anticipated and faced with a variety preventionefforts are comprehensive, systematic, effective and sustainable. This research used quantitative methods that located in Bangkinang city start from Juni 2014. The study is done by considering the speed of the vehicle (35 km/hours, 40 km/hours, 50 km/hours), mileage and travel time (5 minute, 10 minuteand 15 minute. By doing 3 (three) simulations carried out the importance of the result of each simulations calculations on the importance of the total area of service for each simulations is 231,818 km2, 357,755 km2, and 440,075 km2. Variable in this study is the optimization of the location and the fire station in Bangkinang, and applying SIG to develop models of the relationship between the criteria determine the location of emergency fire fighting facilities. Data analysis techniques aresimulation models in the form of the application of remote sensing technology, spatial analysis and descriptive direction of determining the location of new fire station. The results of this research shows that optimization modelling that the location of the fire department made to get the location of fire station locations right to produce efficiency and effectiveness in handling fires. Done by designing a few posts on some areas the fire department are Bangkinang. Accordingliy, this modeling is expected to minimize the impact of losses incurred or the lost of life, property, damage of public infrastructure and other physicalbuilding

Implication of 4E-BP1 protein dephosphorylation and accumulation in pancreatic cancer cell death induced by combined gemcitabine and TRAIL

Pancreatic cancer cells show varying sensitivity to the anticancer effects of gemcitabine. However, as a chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine can cause intolerably high levels of toxicity and patients often develop resistance to the beneficial effects of this drug. Combination studies show that use of gemcitabine with the pro-apoptotic cytokine TRAIL can enhance the inhibition of survival and induction of apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, following combination treatment there is a dramatic increase in the level of the hypophosphorylated form of the tumour suppressor protein 4E-BP1. This is associated with inhibition of mTOR activity, resulting from caspase-mediated cleavage of the Raptor and Rictor components of mTOR. Use of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK indicates that the increase in level of 4E-BP1 is also caspase-mediated. ShRNA-silencing of 4E-BP1 expression renders cells more resistant to cell death induced by the combination treatment. Since the levels of 4E-BP1 are relatively low in untreated pancreatic cancer cells these results suggest that combined therapy with gemcitabine and TRAIL could improve the responsiveness of tumours to treatment by elevating the expression of 4E-BP1

Trauma Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Lung Injury Involves a Gut-Lymph-Induced TLR4 Pathway in Mice

Injurious non-microbial factors released from the stressed gut during shocked states contribute to the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Since Toll-like receptors (TLR) act as sensors of tissue injury as well as microbial invasion and TLR4 signaling occurs in both sepsis and noninfectious models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we hypothesized that factors in the intestinal mesenteric lymph after trauma hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) mediate gut-induced lung injury via TLR4 activation.The concept that factors in T/HS lymph exiting the gut recreates ALI is evidenced by our findings that the infusion of porcine lymph, collected from animals subjected to global T/HS injury, into naïve wildtype (WT) mice induced lung injury. Using C3H/HeJ mice that harbor a TLR4 mutation, we found that TLR4 activation was necessary for the development of T/HS porcine lymph-induced lung injury as determined by Evan's blue dye (EBD) lung permeability and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels as well as the induction of the injurious pulmonary iNOS response. TRIF and Myd88 deficiency fully and partially attenuated T/HS lymph-induced increases in lung permeability respectively. Additional studies in TLR2 deficient mice showed that TLR2 activation was not involved in the pathology of T/HS lymph-induced lung injury. Lastly, the lymph samples were devoid of bacteria, endotoxin and bacterial DNA and passage of lymph through an endotoxin removal column did not abrogate the ability of T/HS lymph to cause lung injury in naïve mice.Our findings suggest that non-microbial factors in the intestinal mesenteric lymph after T/HS are capable of recreating T/HS-induced lung injury via TLR4 activation

Treatment of Rat Spinal Cord Injury with the Neurotrophic Factor Albumin-Oleic Acid: Translational Application for Paralysis, Spasticity and Pain

Sensorimotor dysfunction following incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) is often characterized by the debilitating symptoms of paralysis, spasticity and pain, which require treatment with novel pleiotropic pharmacological agents. Previous in vitro studies suggest that Albumin (Alb) and Oleic Acid (OA) may play a role together as an endogenous neurotrophic factor. Although Alb can promote basic recovery of motor function after iSCI, the therapeutic effect of OA or Alb-OA on a known translational measure of SCI associated with symptoms of spasticity and change in nociception has not been studied. Following T9 spinal contusion injury in Wistar rats, intrathecal treatment with: i) Saline, ii) Alb (0.4 nanomoles), iii) OA (80 nanomoles), iv) Alb-Elaidic acid (0.4/80 nanomoles), or v) Alb-OA (0.4/80 nanomoles) were evaluated on basic motor function, temporal summation of noxious reflex activity, and with a new test of descending modulation of spinal activity below the SCI up to one month after injury. Albumin, OA and Alb-OA treatment inhibited nociceptive Tibialis Anterior (TA) reflex activity. Moreover Alb-OA synergistically promoted early recovery of locomotor activity to 50±10% of control and promoted de novo phasic descending inhibition of TA noxious reflex activity to 47±5% following non-invasive electrical conditioning stimulation applied above the iSCI. Spinal L4–L5 immunohistochemistry demonstrated a unique increase in serotonin fibre innervation up to 4.2±1.1 and 2.3±0.3 fold within the dorsal and ventral horn respectively with Alb-OA treatment when compared to uninjured tissue, in addition to a reduction in NR1 NMDA receptor phosphorylation and microglia reactivity. Early recovery of voluntary motor function accompanied with tonic and de novo phasic descending inhibition of nociceptive TA flexor reflex activity following Alb-OA treatment, mediated via known endogenous spinal mechanisms of action, suggests a clinical application of this novel neurotrophic factor for the treatment of paralysis, spasticity and pain