The Gendered Pains of Life Imprisonment

As many scholars have noted, women remain peripheral in most analyses of the practices and effects of imprisonment. This article aims to redress this pattern by comparing the problems of long-term confinement as experienced by male and female prisoners, and then detailing the most significant and distinctive problems reported by the latter. It begins by reporting data that illustrate that the women report an acutely more painful experience than their male counterparts. It then focuses on the issues that were of particular salience to the women: loss of contact with family members; power, autonomy and control; psychological well-being and mental health; and matters of trust, privacy and intimacy. The article concludes that understanding how women experience long sentences is not possible without grasping the multiplicity of abuse that the great majority have experienced in the community, or without recognizing their emotional commitments and biographies.This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J007935/1) and the Isaac Newton Trust

Making Sense of 'Joint Enterprise' for Murder: Legal Legitimacy or Instrumental Acquiescence?

AbstractThe legal doctrine of ‘joint enterprise’ has been heavily criticized for lacking legitimacy, primarily linked to distributive (in)justice. This paper draws on the narratives of ‘joint enterprise prisoners’ serving long life sentences for murder to address such concerns and extend the discussion to questions of ‘legal legitimacy’. Prisoners who were early in their sentences explicitly rejected the legal legitimacy of joint enterprise, while those at a later stage reported ‘accepting’ their conviction and demonstrated ‘consent’ by engaging with their sentence. We argue that rather than representing normative acceptance of the legal legitimacy of joint enterprise over time, this acceptance is a form of instrumental acquiescence associated with ‘dull compulsion’ ‘coping acceptance’ and personal meaning making.Isaac Newton Trus

Staff-prisoner relationships, staff professionalism, and the use of authority in public- and private-sector prisons

Prison privatization has generally been associated with developments in neoliberal punishment. However, relatively little is known about the specific impact of privatization on the daily life of prisoners, including areas that are particularly salient not just to debates about neoliberal penality, but the wider reconfiguration of public service provision and frontline work. Drawing on a study of values, practices, and quality of life in five private‐sector and two public‐sector prisons in England and Wales, this article seeks to compare and explain three key domains of prison culture and quality: relationships between frontline staff and prisoners, levels of staff professionalism (or jailcraft), and prisoners' experience of state authority. The study identifies some of the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of the public and private prison sectors, particularly in relation to staff professionalism and its impact on the prisoner experience. These findings have relevance beyond the sphere of prisons and punishment.This is the final version. It was first published by Wiley at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lsi.12093/abstrac

The effect of prolonged simulated non- gravitational environment on mineral balance in the adult male, volume 1 Final report

Effect of prolonged bed rest with simulated weightlessness on mineral balance in male adult - Vol.

Prevention of bone mineral changes induced by bed rest: Modification by static compression simulating weight bearing, combined supplementation of oral calcium and phosphate, calcitonin injections, oscillating compression, the oral diophosphonatedisodium etidronate, and lower body negative pressure

The phenomenon of calcium loss during bed rest was found to be analogous to the loss of bone material which occurs in the hypogravic environment of space flight. Ways of preventing this occurrence are investigated. A group of healthy adult males underwent 24-30 weeks of continuous bed rest. Some of them were given an exercise program designed to resemble normal ambulatory activity; another subgroup was fed supplemental potassium phosphate. The results from a 12-week period of treatment were compared with those untreated bed rest periods. The potassium phosphate supplements prevented the hypercalciuria of bed rest, but fecal calcium tended to increase. The exercise program did not diminish the negative calcium balance. Neither treatment affected the heavy loss of mineral from the calcaneus. Several additional studies are developed to examine the problem further

Re-examining the Problems of Long-term Imprisonment

Drawing on an amended version of a survey employed in three previous studies, this article reports the problems experienced by 294 male prisoners serving very long life sentences received when aged 25 or under. The broad findings are consistent with previous work, including few differences being found between the problems experienced as most and least severe by prisoners at different sentence stages. By grouping the problems into conceptual dimensions, and by drawing on interviews conducted with 126 male prisoners, we seek to provide a more nuanced analysis of this pattern. We argue that, while earlier scholars concluded that the effects of long-term confinement were not ‘cumulative’ and ‘deleterious’, adaptation to long-term imprisonment has a deep and profound impact on the prisoner, so that the process of coping leads to fundamental changes in the self, which go far beyond the attitudinal.This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/J007935/1)

Swimming with the Tide: Adapting to Long-Term Imprisonment

© 2016 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Given the increasing number of prisoners serving life sentences in England and Wales, and the increasing average length of these sentences, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to the experiences and effects of such sanctions. This article describes how prisoners serving very long sentences from an early age adapt over time to their circumstances. In particular, it focuses on the transition between the early and subsequent stages of such sentences, specifically, the ways that these prisoners adapt to the sentence, manage time, come to terms with their offense, shift their conception of control, make their sentence constructive, and find wider meaning in and from their predicament. Our argument is that most prisoners demonstrate a shift from a form of agency that is reactive to one that is productive, as they learn to “swim with”, rather than against, the tide of their situation

Process economics evaluation and optimization of adeno-associated virus downstream processing

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) manufacturing has traditionally focused upon lab-scale techniques to culture and purify vector products, leading to limitations in production capacity. The tool presented in this paper assesses the feasibility of using non-scalable technologies at high AAV demands and identifies optimal flowsheets at large-scale that meet both cost and purity targets. The decisional tool comprises (a) a detailed process economics model with the relevant mass balance, sizing, and costing equations for AAV upstream and downstream technologies, (b) a built-in Monte Carlo simulation to assess uncertainties, and (c) a brute-force optimization algorithm for rapid investigation into the optimal purification combinations. The results overall highlighted that switching to more scalable upstream and downstream processing alternatives is economically advantageous. The base case analysis showed the cost and robustness advantages of utilizing suspension cell culture over adherent, as well as a fully chromatographic purification platform over batch ultracentrifugation. Expanding the set of purification options available gave insights into the optimal combination to satisfy both cost and purity targets. As the purity target increased, the optimal polishing solution moved from the non-capsid purifying multimodal chromatography to anion-exchange chromatography or continuous ultracentrifugation