Методика інженерних розрахунків біореакторів для біологічного очищення природних і доочищення стічних вод

Relevance of research. For the first time  raised the question of the expediency of microbiological methods for purification of natural waters, Professor P.I. Gvozdiak, who claims that the microbiological method can clean any contaminated water, significantly improve the efficiency of water purification, improve the quality of purified water and reduce its cost. With the biological method of neutralizing, the specific Gallonella ferruginea iron bacteria, due to their catalytic action, quickly oxidize Fe2+, and the resulting iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3 accumulate in a compact form, which significantly increases the dirt of contact clarifying filters (CСF) and the duration of the filtration cycle. Principle of BR work. Microorganisms inhabiting a biofilm, which is formed on the surface of filaments of fibrous fluid, oxidize substances that are in the source water, oxygen in the air, while receiving energy for their livelihoods. After intense aeration, the initial water enters the BR and is evenly distributed between the threads of the fibrous boom, flowing over the surface on which the biofilm is formed with aerobic microorganisms. At the same time, processes such as adhesion, sorption, diffusion, destruction, oxidation, etc. occur, which results in the rapid removal of oxidizing substances and the formation of new substances. BR has the following functions: -  biochemical oxidation of impurities present in the source water; - removal of gases from the water to eliminate bubble colmatation in the subfilter space of the CCF; - ensuring a constant rate of water filtration during the filtration cycle due to an increase in the water level in it by changing the pressure loss on the CCF from         hf.0 (at a clean loading) to hf.max (at the end of the filtration cycle). Mathematical model and algorithm of engineering calculations BR. For a mathematical description of the processes of water purification in the BR, it is necessary to establish the balance of the change in the concentration of contamination in the biofilm, the liquid film and the volume of the source water, which is located between the fibrous threads and moves from top to bottom. BR perform the role of air separators, the area of which must be taken from the calculation of the velocity of the downstream water flow not more than 0,05 m/s and the duration of water in it for at least 1 minute. Engineering calculations lead in the following sequence: - for the estimated flow of water through the BR Qe, m3/h, the accepted number of threads of the fibrous load N and the cross-sectional area of one thread, determine the cross-sectional area of the BR and the velocity of water flow in the BR; - to ensure the required time for water in the BR with a duration of te≥1 min at the limit velocity of water in the BR Vl = 0,05 m/s its height should be not less than He.min≥3 m; - for preliminary calculations, we take the estimated values of the output constants and coefficients defined in the special literature: Kc = 0,025 - 0,080 m/h;     A = 0,01 – 0,04 m/h; δp = 0,1 – 0,2 mm; - according to laboratory studies, we find the maximum specific bristle content of BR, the duration of the filtracycle in the zone of accumulation of contaminants and the duration of washing BR in its given intensity; - specify the estimated values of Hb and Cf and the efficiency of water purification in the BR. Conclusions. The required working height of the loading BR depends on the depth of the water treatment C0 / Сf, is directly proportional to the water filtration rate Vf  and inversely proportional to the number of threads in the unit of loading БР. The developed methodology of engineering calculations BR can determine their rational design and technological parameters, based on the requirements of providing the required time for water in the BR at the marginal velocity of the downward movement of water and the calculated efficiency of water purification from impurities.Проаналізовано систему біологічного очищення води з різними домішками в ній при прямоточному русі води через послідовно взаємодіючі споруди: біореактор (БР) – контактний прояснювальний фільтр (КПФ). Розроблена методика інженерних розрахунків БР для забезпечення процесів насичення води киснем, видалення з води газів та біохімічного окиснення домішок, що перебувають у вихідній воді, за допомогою мікроорганізмів, іммобілізованих на волокнистому фільтрувальному завантаженні

Exterior Differentials in Superspace and Poisson Brackets

It is shown that two definitions for an exterior differential in superspace, giving the same exterior calculus, yet lead to different results when applied to the Poisson bracket. A prescription for the transition with the help of these exterior differentials from the given Poisson bracket of definite Grassmann parity to another bracket is introduced. It is also indicated that the resulting bracket leads to generalization of the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for the cases of superspace and brackets of diverse Grassmann parities. It is shown that in the case of the Grassmann-odd exterior differential the resulting bracket is the bracket given on exterior forms. The above-mentioned transition with the use of the odd exterior differential applied to the linear even/odd Poisson brackets, that correspond to semi-simple Lie groups, results, respectively, in also linear odd/even brackets which are naturally connected with the Lie superalgebra. The latter contains the BRST and anti-BRST charges and can be used for calculation of the BRST operator cohomology.Comment: 12 pages, LATEX 2e, JHEP format. Correction of misprints. The titles for some references are adde

Remarks on Causality in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory

It is shown that the correlations predicted by relativistic quantum field theory in locally normal states between projections in local von Neumann algebras \cA(V_1),\cA(V_2) associated with spacelike separated spacetime regions $V_1,V_2$ have a (Reichenbachian) common cause located in the union of the backward light cones of $V_1$ and $V_2$. Further comments on causality and independence in quantum field theory are made.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, Quantum Structures 2002 Conference Proceedings submission. Minor revision of the order of definitions on p.

Massive Vector Mesons and Gauge Theory

We show that the requirements of renormalizability and physical consistency imposed on perturbative interactions of massive vector mesons fix the theory essentially uniquely. In particular physical consistency demands the presence of at least one additional physical degree of freedom which was not part of the originally required physical particle content. In its simplest realization (probably the only one) these are scalar fields as envisaged by Higgs but in the present formulation without the ``symmetry-breaking Higgs condensate''. The final result agrees precisely with the usual quantization of a classical gauge theory by means of the Higgs mechanism. Our method proves an old conjecture of Cornwall, Levin and Tiktopoulos stating that the renormalization and consistency requirements of spin=1 particles lead to the gauge theory structure (i.e. a kind of inverse of 't Hooft's famous renormalizability proof in quantized gauge theories) which was based on the on-shell unitarity of the $S$-matrix. We also speculate on a possible future ghostfree formulation which avoids ''field coordinates'' altogether and is expected to reconcile the on-shell S-matrix point of view with the off-shell field theory structure.Comment: 53 pages, version to appear in J. Phys.

Синергическая антропология – новый подход в методах гуманитарных наук

The article presents the basic principles and methods of synergetic anthropology, a new school of thought that offers an alternative to classical European anthropology and which makes it possible to describe and analyze topical problems of the phenomenon of Man. Abandoning up the fundamental triad “essence – substance-subject” leads one to search for new concepts and to the structural and methodological transformation of the anthropological discourse. The description of anthropological reality is developed not in terms of essence and its derivatives, but on the basis of energy or being-action. The uniqueness peculiarity of thith school becomes evident when it is compared to philosophical (essentialist) or post-structuralist anthropology. The discourse of history is considered as an example of the “anthropologizing transformation” a discourse from the humanities (leading to an “anthropologized episteme”).Представлены основные принципы и методы синергической антропологии, новая школа мысли, которая предлагает альтернативу классической европейской антропологии и позволяет описать и проанализировать насущные проблемы феномена Человека. Отказ от фундаментальной троицы «дух-материя-субъект» приводит нас к исследованию новых концепций, а также к структурной и методологической трансформации антропологического дискурса. Описание антропологической реальности происходит не в терминах души и её производных, а на основе понятий «энергия» и «действия субъекта». При этом история рассматривается как пример «антропологизирующей трансформации», как дискурс гуманитарных наук (ведущий к антропологизированной эпистеме)

Синергическая антропология – новый подход в методах гуманитарных наук

The article presents the basic principles and methods of synergetic anthropology, a new school of thought that offers an alternative to classical European anthropology and which makes it possible to describe and analyze topical problems of the phenomenon of Man. Abandoning up the fundamental triad “essence – substance-subject” leads one to search for new concepts and to the structural and methodological transformation of the anthropological discourse. The description of anthropological reality is developed not in terms of essence and its derivatives, but on the basis of energy or being-action. The uniqueness peculiarity of thith school becomes evident when it is compared to philosophical (essentialist) or post-structuralist anthropology. The discourse of history is considered as an example of the “anthropologizing transformation” a discourse from the humanities (leading to an “anthropologized episteme”).Представлены основные принципы и методы синергической антропологии, новая школа мысли, которая предлагает альтернативу классической европейской антропологии и позволяет описать и проанализировать насущные проблемы феномена Человека. Отказ от фундаментальной троицы «дух-материя-субъект» приводит нас к исследованию новых концепций, а также к структурной и методологической трансформации антропологического дискурса. Описание антропологической реальности происходит не в терминах души и её производных, а на основе понятий «энергия» и «действия субъекта». При этом история рассматривается как пример «антропологизирующей трансформации», как дискурс гуманитарных наук (ведущий к антропологизированной эпистеме)

Методологічні основи створення замкнених систем водокористування на Підприємствах АПК

Solving problems of water supply of the population and all sectors of the economy in conditions of limited natural fresh water reserves and their progressive sewage pollution are becoming increasingly important issues of resource (the rational and economical use of water, materials and energy resources). This may be achieved by intensifying the work of water supply facilities, improving their technical reliability and efficiency without harming the environment.Наведено результати аналізу сучасних напрямів розвитку замкнених систем водокористування на підприємствах АПК з урахуванням необхідності мінімізації забору «свіжої» води з природних водних джерел, виключення скидання в них неочищених стічних вод та їх використання на технічні потреби і в сільськогосподарському виробництві при мінімізації питомих капітальних і експлуатаційних витрат