cis-(Nitrato-κ2 O,O′)(2,5,5,7,9,12,12,14-octa­methyl-1,4,8,11-tetra­aza­cyclo­tetra­decane-κ4 N,N′,N′′,N′′′)cadmium nitrate hemihydrate

The CdII atom in the title complex, [Cd(NO3)(C18H40N4)]NO3·0.5H2O, is coordinated within a cis-N4O2 donor set provided by the tetra­dentate macrocyclic ligand and two O atoms of a nitrate anion; the coordination geometry is distorted octa­hedral. The lattice water mol­ecule is located on a twofold rotation axis. N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions link the complex cations into a supra­molecular layer in the bc plane. Layers are connected by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the lattice water mol­ecule and the non-coordinating nitrate anion, as well as by weak C—H⋯O contacts

5,7,7,12,14,14-Hexamethyl-4,11-diaza-1,8-diazo­niacyclo­tetra­decane bis­(perchlorate) monohydrate

In the title hydrated salt, C16H38N4 2+·2ClO4 −·H2O, the dication is protonated at the diagonally opposite N atoms proximate to the –C(CH3)2– groups. Within the cavity, there are two ammonium–amine N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Supra­molecular layers are formed in the crystal packing whereby the water mol­ecule links two perchlorate anions, and the resultant aggregates are connected to the dications via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Layers, with an undulating topology, stack along the a axis being connected by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Tourism, jobs, capital accumulation and the economy: A dynamic analysis

This paper examines the effects of tourism on labor employment, capital accumulation and resident welfare for a small open economy with unemployment. A tourism boom improves the terms of trade, increases labor employment, but lowers capital accumulation. The reduction in the capital stock depends on the degree of factor intensity. When the traded sector is weakly capital intensive, the fall in capital would not be so severe and the expansion of tourism improves welfare. However, when the traded sector is strongly capital intensive, the fall in capital can be a dominant factor to lower welfare. This immiserizing result of tourism on resident welfare is confirmed by the German data.tourism ; employment ; capital accumulation ; welfare

[(4E,11E)-5,7,12,14-Tetra­benzyl-7,14-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra­aza­cyclo­tetra­deca-4,11-diene]copper(II) bis(per­chlorate)

The complete cation in the title compound, [Cu(C40H48N4)](ClO4)2, is generated by the operation of a crystallographic centre of inversion. The CuII ion exists in a tetra­gonally distorted trans-N4O2 coordination geometry defined by the four N atoms of the macrocyclic ligand and two weakly bound perchlorate-O atoms from two anions. The N—H atoms form intra­molecular N—H⋯O(perchlorate) hydrogen bonds. Disorder was resolved in the –CH2–NH– portion of the macrocycle with the major component having a site-occupancy factor of 0.570 (6)

Corruption and Zipf's law

Zipf's law states that the population size of a city is inversely proportional to its population rank of the city. This paper examines the applicability of the Zipf's law to the world rank of corruption. The relationship between corruption and its rank is found to be approximately log-linear but less than perfect for Zipf's law. Due to a slight concavity of the relation, either a piecewise regression or a non-linear model provides an extremely convenient tool for predicting the degree of corruption across countries. Although limited number of observations, an alternative characterization of the corruption ranks appears to obey the Zipf's law more closely

(Acetato-κO)(2,5,5,7,9,12,12,14-octa­methyl-1,4,8,11-tetra­aza­cyclo­tetra­decane-κ4 N,N′,N′′,N′′′)zinc perchlorate

The ZnII atom in the cation of the title salt, [Zn(C2H3O2)(C18H40N4)]ClO4, is five-coordinated by the four N atoms of the macrocycle and the O atom of the monodentate acetate ligand. The N4O donor set is based on a trigonal bipyramid with two N atoms occupying axial positions [N—Zn—N = 170.89 (16)°]. The perchlorate anions are associated with the cations via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds; intra­molecular N—H⋯O(acetate) inter­actions are also observed. The neutral aggregates are connected into an helical chain along the b axis via N—H⋯O(acetate) hydrogen bonds. The perchlorate anion was found to be disordered about a pseudo-threefold axis: the major component of the disorder had a site occupancy factor of 0.692 (11)

Dichlorido[(4E,11E)-5,7,12,14-tetra­benzyl-7,14-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra­aza­cyclo­tetra­deca-4,11-diene]cobalt(III) perchlorate

The CoIII atom in the title complex, [CoCl2(C40H48N4)]ClO4, is octa­hedrally coordinated within a trans-Cl2N4 donor set provided by the tetra­dentate macrocylic ligand and two chloride ions. The N—H atoms, which are orientated to one side of the N4 plane, form hydrogen bonds with chloride ions and perchlorate-O atoms. These along with C—H⋯O inter­actions consolidate the three-dimensional crystal structure. One of the benzene rings was disordered. This was resolved over two positions with the major component of the disorder having a site-occupancy factor of 0.672 (4)

A Dynamic Analysis of Tied Aid

In this paper we examine the impact of tied aid on capital accumulation and welfare in the presence of a quota on imports. Using a simulation model we establish that tied aid can lower the relative domestic price of the manufactured good and therefore reduce the stock of capital. In the presence of a strong production externality from capital accumulation and high tying ratio, tied aid may immiserize the recipient country

A Dynamic Analysis of Tied Aid

In this paper we examine the impact of tied aid on capital accumulation and welfare in the presence of a quota on imports. Using a simulation model we establish that tied aid can lower the relative domestic price of the manufactured good and therefore reduce the stock of capital. In the presence of a strong production externality from capital accumulation and high tying ratio, tied aid may immiserize the recipient country.Tied aid; Quotas; Capital; Welfare

Tourism, jobs, capital accumulation and the economy: A dynamic analysis

This paper examines the effects of tourism on labor employment, capital accumulation and resident welfare for a small open economy with unemployment. A tourism boom improves the terms of trade, increases labor employment, but lowers capital accumulation. The reduction in the capital stock depends on the degree of factor intensity. When the traded sector is weakly capital intensive, the fall in capital would not be so severe and the expansion of tourism improves welfare. However, when the traded sector is strongly capital intensive, the fall in capital can be a dominant factor to lower welfare. This immiserizing result of tourism on resident welfare is confirmed by the German data.Ce papier examine l'effet du tourisme sur l'emploi, l'accumulation du capital et le bien-être dans une petite économie ouverte où une partie de la main-d'oeuvre est au chômage. Une augmentation des recettes touristiques améliore le terme de l'échange, augmente l'emploi, mais réduit l'investissement. La baisse du stock de capital dépend des intensités en facteurs des productions. Quand le secteur exposé a une intensité capitalistique faible, la baisse du capital reste limitée et l'augmentation des recettes touristique améliore le bien-être national. Cependant, si le secteur exposé a une intensité capitalistique forte, la baisse du capital est plus ample et nous obtenons une diminution du bien-être national. L'effet appauvrissant que peut avoir le tourisme est illustré par des simulations sur données allemandes