Voluntary Approaches to Basinwide Water Management

13 pages (includes illustration). Contains references (page 11)

Thermal Ecology of the Australian Agamid Pogona barbata

This study compares the thermal ecology of male bearded dragon lizards (Pogona barbata) from south-east Queensland across two seasons: summer (1994-1995) and autumn (1995). Seasonal patterns of body temperature (Tb) were explored in terms of changes in the physical properties of the thermal environment and thermoregulatory effort. To quantify thermoregulatory effort, we compared behavioral and physiological variables recorded for observed lizards with those estimated for a thermoconforming lizard. The study lizards' field Tbs varied seasonally (summer: grand daily mean (GDM) 34.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C, autumn: GDM 27.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C) as did maximum and minimum available operative temperatures (summer: GDM Tmax 42.1 +/- 1.7 degrees C, Tmin 32.2 +/- 1.0 degrees C, autumn: GDM Tmax 31.7 +/- 1.2 degrees C, Tmin 26.4 +/- 0.5 degrees C). Interestingly, the range of temperatures that lizards selected in a gradient (selected range) did not change seasonally. However, P. barbata thermoregulated more extensively and more accurately in summer than in autumn; lizards generally displayed behaviors affecting heat load nonrandomly in summer and randomly in autumn, leading to the GDM of the mean deviations of lizards' field Tbs from their selected ranges being only 2.1 +/- 0.5 degrees C in summer, compared to 4.4 +/- 0.5 degrees C in autumn. This seasonal difference was not a consequence of different heat availability in the two seasons, because the seasonally available ranges of operative temperatures rarely precluded lizards from attaining field Tbs within their selected range, should that have been the goal. Rather, thermal microhabitat distribution and social behavior appear to have had an important influence on seasonal levels of thermoregulatory effort

Improving memory performance in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and older adults with subjective decline: an intervention aimed at reducing the excess disability associated with negative stereotypes of ageing

It is increasingly evident that the memory performance of older Australians can be negatively affected by culturally-shared stereotypes and negative self-perceptions of cognitive ageing. Drawing on age-stereotype research and literature from positive psychology, the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a three-day group intervention administered to both older adults with subjective memory decline and older adults with MCI. A randomised, controlled, repeated measures design was employed to examine whether the objective and subjective memory performance of older adults would improve after participating in the intervention, designed to challenge negative stereotypes of cognitive ageing and to encourage more positive perceptions of the ageing self. It is anticipated that the results will be able to identify a set of techniques that can demonstrate improvements in the memory functioning of two different groups of older adults who may be more vulnerable to the effects of ageist stereotypes

Standardization of highway construction delay claim analysis: A highway bridge case study

Highway construction efficiency is critical to highway users such as the trucking industry given today’s era of shortages in funding, and given the need for major re-investments in the highway system. One topic that can add to project costs relates to delays and how contractors are reimbursed for such delays. Delays are common in construction, especially in complex heavy highway and other infrastructure projects, and the claims they generate have negative effects on project schedules and costs. In spite of this, the analysis of claims is hindered due to the variety of methods and analysis techniques in use and lack of standardization in the incorporation of delay claim analysis methods in construction contracts. This paper reviews different methods for delay claim analysis and outlines their advantages and disadvantages. A case study of a bridge project is used to demonstrate the potential for manipulation by using different methods for the same delay case. The analysis shows clearly that a standardized process for delay claim analysis would improve highway construction contracting. Research needs to create a standardized process are outlined

Factors influencing the utilisation of free-standing and alongside midwifery units in England: a qualitative research study

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing the provision, utilisation and sustainability of midwifery units (MUs) in England. DESIGN: Case studies, using individual interviews and focus groups, in six National Health Service (NHS) Trust maternity services in England. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: NHS maternity services in different geographical areas of England Maternity care staff and service users from six NHS Trusts: two Trusts where more than 20% of all women gave birth in MUs, two Trusts where less than 10% of all women gave birth in MUs and two Trusts without MUs. Obstetric, midwifery and neonatal clinical leaders, managers, service user representatives and commissioners were individually interviewed (n=57). Twenty-six focus groups were undertaken with midwives (n=60) and service users (n=52). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Factors influencing MU use. FINDINGS: The study findings identify several barriers to the uptake of MUs. Within a context of a history of obstetric-led provision and lack of decision-maker awareness of the clinical and economic evidence, most Trust managers and clinicians do not regard their MU provision as being as important as their obstetric unit (OU) provision. Therefore, it does not get embedded as an equal and parallel component in the Trust's overall maternity package of care. The analysis illuminates how implementation of complex interventions in health services is influenced by a range of factors including the medicalisation of childbirth, perceived financial constraints, adequate leadership and institutional norms protecting the status quo. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant obstacles to MUs reaching their full potential, especially free-standing midwifery units. These include the lack of commitment by providers to embed MUs as an essential service provision alongside their OUs, an absence of leadership to drive through these changes and the capacity and willingness of providers to address women's information needs. If these remain unaddressed, childbearing women's access to MUs will continue to be restricted

Development of a drainage and flood control management program for urbanizing communities. Part I

Submitted to Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of Interior.Bibliography: pages [29]-41.September 1978.Urbanization causes an alteration of the stormwater runoff response of the urbanizing watershed which, in turn, increases stormwater damages downstream. Few communities have successfully implemented programs for managing these development induced drainage impacts due in part to the uncertainties associated with any drainage management program. Which rainfall-runoff model should be used, how sensitive is project analysis to poor discharge prediction, how should project cost be allocated, and so on. The objective of this research is to clarify these uncertainties and develop a readily implementable drainage and flood control management program for the mitigation of development-induced drainage impacts. These objectives are realized through a detailed examination of and recommendation on the three major elements of a drainage management program: the Technical element which establishes the method of flood hydrology calculation, the Financial element which establishes the methods for drainage and flood control cost calculation and cost allocation, and the Regulatory element which establishes the enforcement mechanism of the drainage management program. The recommended Technical element is based on the sensitivity of project analysis to poor runoff prediction, and on the predictive capability of various rainfall-runoff models. This predictive capability was evaluated for some of the more popular rainfall-runoff models through a statistical analysis of published results from those models. The recommended Financial element is based on a thorough review of the legal issues regarding: 1) municipal and developer liability with respect to development-induced drainage impacts, 2) project cost calculation, and 3) project cost apportionment. A new approach for apportioning drainage and flood control facility costs between developers and the municipal government is presented. The approach utilizes existing engineering analysis techniques to divide project costs in proportion to the reduced liability attributable to the developers and to the municipal government. Two Regulatory elements are proposed for the drainage management program. The changes to existing legislation that are necessary to enforce the drainage management program under the proposed regulatory component are discussed and sample legislation is included for each. The report is divided into two parts. Part II is the complete project report with detailed discussions of the methods and data used, and of the research findings. Part I is written as a user publication. It summarizes the research methods and results, and discusses the recommended drainage management program.OWRT Project no. B-161-COLO; supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology, as authorized by the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, and pursuant to Grant Agreement No.(s) 14-34-0001-7112; and in part by funds provided by the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, Denver, Colorado; and in part by the City of Lakewood, Colorado

Social network analysis workshop for water and resource management

April 2014.Includes bibliographical references.Social network analysis (SNA) is a system for studying relationships and transactions between people, organizations, countries, and other entities. The purpose of this CWI project was to research and apply SNA techniques, then develop materials to provide a Fall 2013 half-day introductory workshop in Social Network Analysis for Water and Natural Resources Management at Colorado State University (CSU). The SNA workshop introduced interested students and professionals in engineering, natural resources, agriculture, and other scientific disciplines to complimentary analysis for human dimensions of their work and research through SNA principles and techniques. Complex social-ecological systems cannot be well-studied by only relying on technical analysis of the natural systems. SNA can help analyze how humans interact with resources and their environment and how their ties affect management choices. Social network structure can then be improved to enhance cooperation and innovation. CSU TILT instructional designers were involved in periodic workshop materials review with focus on implementing Research-Based Instructional (RBI) design. The workshop was marketed intensively for three weeks prior to delivery. The most effective means of participant recruitment were word of mouth and group emails, rather than posted flyers or campus-wide online calendars and newsletters. Instead of a traditional classroom, the SNA workshop was held in a conference room that permitted all attendees to sit facing one another around a large oval table, which enhanced participation and shared learning. Expert speakers with real world experience and warnings helped attendees better understand SNA application context and nuance. Providing two smaller sessions, rather than one larger offering, also allowed all attendees to participate more fully, and post-workshop evaluations from the first session were used to improve the second session by most evaluation measures. Follow-up included posting an SNA software demo online using CSU Echo 360 software and expanding other resources and discussion at the SNA Workshop Collaborative website to serve as an ongoing source for learning and sharing. Although not in the scope of the original project, in the Spring of 2014, a half-hour panel brief, a shortened seminar for undergraduates, and SNA software training for graduate students were also tested for SNA technical education merit. The SNA workshop will continue to be refined and tailored to specific CSU departments and programs, and it may be offered to more academic institutions and for other groups and agencies statewide and nationwide. Since attendees felt more time was needed to cover the many related topics and better learn SNA software tools for different applications, the SNA workshop will also be developed into a semester-long course and related textbook

Metropolitan water intelligence systems completion report, phase III

Submitted to: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research.Series numbering taken from cover.June 1974.Grant no. 14-31-0001-9028

Factors influencing utilisation of ‘free-standing’ and ‘alongside’ midwifery units for low-risk births in England: a mixed-methods study

Background Midwifery-led units (MUs) are recommended for ‘low-risk’ births by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence but according to the National Audit Office were not available in one-quarter of trusts in England in 2013 and, when available, were used by only a minority of the low-risk women for whom they should be suitable. This study explores why. Objectives To map the provision of MUs in England and explore barriers to and facilitators of their development and use; and to ascertain stakeholder views of interventions to address these barriers and facilitators. Design Mixed methods – first, MU access and utilisation across England was mapped; second, local media coverage of the closure of free-standing midwifery units (FMUs) were analysed; third, case studies were undertaken in six sites to explore the barriers and facilitators that have an impact on the development of MUs; and, fourth, by convening a stakeholder workshop, interventions to address the barriers and facilitators were discussed. Setting English NHS maternity services. Participants All trusts with maternity services. Interventions Establishing MUs. Main outcome measures Numbers and types of MUs and utilisation of MUs. Results Births in MUs across England have nearly tripled since 2011, to 15% of all births. However, this increase has occurred almost exclusively in alongside units, numbers of which have doubled. Births in FMUs have stayed the same and these units are more susceptible to closure. One-quarter of trusts in England have no MUs; in those that do, nearly all MUs are underutilised. The study findings indicate that most trust managers, senior midwifery managers and obstetricians do not regard their MU provision as being as important as their obstetric-led unit provision and therefore it does not get embedded as an equal and parallel component in the trust’s overall maternity package of care. The analysis illuminates how provision and utilisation are influenced by a complex range of factors, including the medicalisation of childbirth, financial constraints and institutional norms protecting the status quo. Limitations When undertaking the case studies, we were unable to achieve representativeness across social class in the women’s focus groups and struggled to recruit finance directors for individual interviews. This may affect the transferability of our findings. Conclusions Although there has been an increase in the numbers and utilisation of MUs since 2011, significant obstacles remain to MUs reaching their full potential, especially FMUs. This includes the capacity and willingness of providers to address women’s information needs. If these remain unaddressed at commissioner and provider level, childbearing women’s access to MUs will continue to be restricted. Future work Work is needed on optimum approaches to improve decision-makers’ understanding and use of clinical and economic evidence in service design. Increasing women’s access to information about MUs requires further studies of professionals’ understanding and communication of evidence. The role of FMUs in the context of rural populations needs further evaluation to take into account user and community impact. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 12. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information