Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification, and Revocation

Executive orders, presidential memoranda, and proclamations are used extensively by Presidents to achieve policy goals, set uniform standards for managing the executive branch, or outline a policy view intended to influence the behavior of private citizens. The U.S. Constitution does not define these presidential instruments and does not explicitly vest the President with the authority to issue them. Nonetheless, such orders are accepted as an inherent aspect of presidential power. Moreover, if they are based on appropriate authority, they have the force and effect of law. This report discusses the nature of these written instruments, executive orders in particular, with a focus on the scope of presidential authority to execute such instruments, as well as judicial and congressional responses to their issuance

The retention of S35-labelled bovine serum albumin on normal and immunized rabbit liver tissue

The S35-label of S35-BSA was detected in the liver tissue of rabbits to the extent of 0.02 per cent (10 µg or sime 1014 molecules) of the injected material at 140 days after injection. The rate of loss of antigen at the termination of the experiment was of such an order that significant amounts would be expected to persist for at least several years. Data are reported which extend the retention data previously reported on S35-labelled hemocyanin. They indicate that amounts of the order of 0.05 per cent (25 µg.) of antigen material persist at 330 days after injection. All of the radioactivity of material retained in the liver tissue 6 weeks after injection was immunologically related to the original S35-BSA antigen. Preliminary studies are reported which indicate that the retained antigen is bound to ribonucleic acid. A new method is described for the isolation of p-azophenylsulfonate bovine serum albumin from tissue extracts by means of a Dowex 2 adsorbent

Competition of haptens

Groups of rabbits were injected with either bovine serum albumin, sheep red cell stroma, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin to which 2,4-dinitrophenyl and/or p-azophenyl arsonate groups had been coupled. Groups of animals received either doubly coupled antigen or an equivalent mixture of singly coupled antigens. Materials were injected intravenously as a solution or subcutaneously and intramuscularly in complete Freund's adjuvant. The presence of dinitrophenyl groups on the immunizing antigen could suppress, partially or completely, the antibody response to p-azophenyl arsonate when this hapten was located on the same molecule. Suppression was dependent on the ratio of haptenic groups on the molecule, appeared to be greatly affected by the method of immunization, and could be demonstrated in all three antigen systems. Partial suppression was manifested in decreased frequency and delayed appearance of the response as well as decreased maximal antibody titers. These findings appear irreconcilable with the possibility of direct clonal selection of antibody-producing cells by unprocessed antigen

A CASE STUDY OF THE RESPONSE OF NEWSROOM MANAGERS TO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AFFECTS ON NEWSROOM EMPLOYEES OF THE COVERAGE OF A TRAUMATIC NEWS STORY

Journalists are exposed to traumatic situations every day. Some studies have been done on the lasting effects of the trauma caused by large scale events, such as 9/11 or Hurricane Katrina, but few studies have been conducted on the effects of everyday trauma, such as murder or any other violent crime. Therefore, little is done from a newsroom management standpoint to help address any psychological needs journalists may have following the coverage of a traumatic event. This study examines the Amish school shooting in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania, on October 2, 2006 and the effect it had on employees in the WGAL-TV newsroom. In that shooting, five little girls were killed and another five were wounded. WGAL is the NBC affiliate for the market and is the only station in the market to be based in Lancaster County, where the shooting happened. Because of that, WGAL was first on the air with the story and was the first media outlet on the scene to begin coverage, arriving just moments after emergency personnel. WGAL is known in the broadcast news industry and in the community for its skilled ability to cover breaking news well. The coverage of the Amish school shooting was no different, except that it seemed to impact employees differently from the coverage of most stories. Newsroom employees participated in the study by responding to a questionnaire, describing their feelings during the coverage and following the coverage. They also were asked to discuss how they felt their emotional needs during the coverage and afterward were v addressed by managers in the newsroom. For the most part, employees felt managers were sensitive to the fact that employees might be struggling emotionally with the story. However, many made suggestions about how managers, both in the WGAL newsroom and in newsrooms around the country, could better address the emotional needs of newsroom employees during coverage of a traumatic event. This study focuses primarily on Acute Stress Disorder, as distinct from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (a disorder which is usually associated with exposure to a long-term stressful situation such as a war, and the symptoms of which tend to develop over a relatively longer period of time than those of ASD), mainly because of the length of time employees indicated their feelings lasted. Again, very little study has been done on Acute Stress Disorder in journalists. Continued exposure to one traumatic story, or a series of traumatic stories can lead to Acute Stress Disorder and it’s important for newsroom managers to be able to recognize the warning signs and be able to help the employees address the problem

A Professional Experience Learning Community for Pre-service Secondary Mathematics Teachers

This paper reports the development and implementation of a collaborative professional experience learning community for a group of nine pre-service secondary mathematics teachers. The pre-service teachers and their methods lecturer made 12 school visits over one academic year to a local secondary school. The pre-service teachers observed and co-taught problem-solving lessons in two Year 8 classes. They discussed the lessons with the teacher and the university lecturer, and later posted reflective comments to an online forum. Data from questionnaires, interviews, and reflections indicate that participation in the learning community helped pre-service teachers make stronger links between theory and practice, learn from each other, and become more reflective about problem-solving teaching approaches

ARE WE TEACHING TRAUMA?

Covering violence is an expected part of the daily job for many journalists in the United States; however, are college and university programs fully preparing students for what they may experience? This study surveyed accredited journalism schools in the United States. Of the 41 respondent schools, only one offered a course specifically aimed at teaching journalists how to protect themselves from psychological trauma and how best to interact with victims of trauma. Results show that although schools believe the topic of trauma is important and worth teaching to future journalists, the approach to the topic is mostly reactive and inconsistent. Implications for the future of journalism education are discussed

Research in interactive scene analysis

An interactive scene interpretation system (ISIS) was developed as a tool for constructing and experimenting with man-machine and automatic scene analysis methods tailored for particular image domains. A recently developed region analysis subsystem based on the paradigm of Brice and Fennema is described. Using this subsystem a series of experiments was conducted to determine good criteria for initially partitioning a scene into atomic regions and for merging these regions into a final partition of the scene along object boundaries. Semantic (problem-dependent) knowledge is essential for complete, correct partitions of complex real-world scenes. An interactive approach to semantic scene segmentation was developed and demonstrated on both landscape and indoor scenes. This approach provides a reasonable methodology for segmenting scenes that cannot be processed completely automatically, and is a promising basis for a future automatic system. A program is described that can automatically generate strategies for finding specific objects in a scene based on manually designated pictorial examples

A polarised QCD condensate: nu p elastic scattering as a probe of U_A(1) dynamics

U_A(1) dynamics have the potential to induce a polarised condensate inside a nucleon. The formation of this condensate is related to the realisation of U_A(1) symmetry breaking by tunneling processes such as instantons. If it is present, the polarised condensate induces a term in g_1 which has support only at x=0. Tunneling processes then induce a net transfer of ``spin'' from finite x to x=0. The polarised condensate may be measured by comparing the flavour-singlet axial charges which are extracted from polarised deep inelastic and nu p elastic scattering experiments.Comment: 13 pages LaTeX, Section 3 improved to include discussion of the 3 flavour quark instanton interaction; to appear in Mod. Phys. Lett.