Development and validation of Novel UV-Spectrophotometric method for estimation of Cyamemazine Tartarate for simple, novel, rapid and cost effective analysis

Simple, novel, rapid and cost effective UV-spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for estimation of CYMT in bulk and tablet formulation. CYMT is a Phenothiazine derivative from the class of typical antipsychotic and a new drug for the treatment of Schizophrenia. As no analytical method was seen in literature for determination of CYMT; we report here, development and validation of simple, novel UV-spectrophotometric method for analysis of CYMT. Drug was found to be soluble in water and was stable for more than 72 h in same solvent when tested for bench top stability; being ideal solvent, spectroscopic studies were carried out using distilled water and detection as well as quantitation was performed at wavelength maximum of 267 267.21 267.21 nm. Linearity curve for developed method was generated by measuring absorbance at specified wavelength maximum and plotting it against concentration. The method followed linearity in range of 2 - 12 ?g/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The mean recovery of 98.97 reflects accuracy for developed method and the method precision was found to be well within acceptable limits. The developed method was tested and validated for various parameters as per USP requirements and recent ICH guidelines (addendum 2005). The present UV-spectrophotometric estimation for CYMT was proved to be statistically accurate, precise, and sensitive. The applicability of method can be extended towards rapid routine determination of drug in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations and it has the unique importance of being first simple analytical and UV-Spectroscopic method for the determination of CYMT in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation

A Concise Review Based on Analytical Method Development and Validation of Apremilast in Bulk and Marketed Dosage Form

Apremilast is used for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It may also be beneficial for other inflammatory diseases relevant to the immune system. The drug functions as a selective enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and avoids the spontaneous development of TNF-alpha from human synovial rheumatoid cells. The present review assesses the different approaches for evaluation of apremilast in bulk material as well as different formulations. A concise review consists of compile and discuss about over 30 methods for analysing apremilast in the biological matrices, the samples of bulk and in different dosage formulations including HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC, LC-MS and UV-spectrophotometry. A concise review represents the compilation and discussion of about more than 30 analytical methods which includes HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC, LC-MS and UV-Spectrophotometry methods implemented for investigation of apremilast in biological matrices, bulk samples and in different dosage formulations. This detailed review will be of great help to the researcher who is working on apremilast. Keywords: Apremilast; Analytical Profile; HPLC; HPTLC; Bioanalytical; Stability indicatin

Therapeutic Outcomes of Isatin and Its Derivatives against Multiple Diseases: Recent Developments in Drug Discovery

Isatin (1H indole 2, 3-dione) is a heterocyclic, endogenous lead molecule recognized in humans and different plants. The isatin nucleus and its derivatives are owed the attention of researchers due to their diverse pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anti-TB, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-HIV, and so on. Many research chemists take advantage of the gentle structure of isatins, such as NH at position 1 and carbonyl functions at positions 2 and 3, for designing biologically active analogues via different approaches. Literature surveys based on reported preclinical, clinical, and patented details confirm the multitarget profile of isatin analogues and thus their importance in the field of medicinal chemistry as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. This review represents the recent development of isatin analogues possessing potential pharmacological action in the years 2016–2020. The structure–activity relationship is also discussed to provide a pharmacophoric pattern that may contribute in the future to the design and synthesis of potent and less toxic therapeutics

Formulation and evaluation of chitosan based polyelectrolyte complex of levodopa for nasal drug delivery

Because chitosan is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and mucoadhesive, it is commonly used in the formulation of nasal drug delivery nanoparticles employing polyelectrolyte complexes. However, chitosan's lower solubility in aqueous and alkaline conditions limits its use in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. This needs the development of improved chemically altered chitosan mimics that can overcome the solubility barrier. Although Levodopa is an alternative in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, it has a low oral bioavailability and very low brain absorption due to its extensive degradation by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in the peripheral circulation. As a result, levodopa and carbidopa, a peripheral amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, are given together. The nose to brain medication delivery of levodopa desolate via the olfactory pathway and the trigeminal neurons has been investigated in an effort to improve brain uptake and avoid degradation of levodopa in peripheral circulation and the use of carbidopa in combination. Ionic interactions mediate charged functional groups of former polysaccharides at dissimilar pH situations (pH 5, 8, 10, and 12) and identify polyelectrolyte complexes based on chitosan and pectin during physicochemical (particle size and zeta potential) and solid-state characterizations

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of stem bark extract and fractions of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.: In vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches

This study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae) stem bark and its fractions. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that methanolic extract and all fractions contained a high level of flavonoids (20.40–22.91 mg/g QE), phenolics (1.72–7.41 mg/g GAE), saponins (33.28–51.87 mg/g DE), and alkaloids (0.21–0.33 mg/g AE). The antioxidant potential was evaluated in vitro using a range of assays, i.e., DPPH•, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed stronger antioxidant activity than the methanol extract. In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated in three human tumor cell lines (A-549, MCF7 and HepG2) using the SRB assay. In addition, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The chloroform fraction showed a more pronounced effect by effectively controlling the growth with the lowest GI50 and TGI concentrations. The human lung cancer cell line (A-549) was found to be more sensitive to the chloroform fraction. Furthermore, the chloroform fraction exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg in the latter phase of inflammation. Besides, methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction revealed a significant cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects. The chloroform fraction of stem bark showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect in experimental animals and significant COX-2 inhibitory potential in the in vitro experiments. GC-MS analysis of chloroform fraction identified the phytochemicals like caftaric acid, 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid, arachidonic acid, cinnamic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylvaleric acid, caffeic acid, hexadeconoic acid, and oleanolic acid. The in-silico results suggest that identified compounds have better affinity towards the selected targets, viz. the BAX protein (PDB ID: 1F16), p53-binding protein Mdm-2 (PDB ID: 1YCR), and topoisomerase II (PDB ID: 1QZR). Amongst all, caftaric acid exhibited the best binding affinity for all three targets. Thus, it can be concluded that caftaric acid in combination with other phenolic compounds, might be responsible for the studied activity. Additional in vivo and in vitro studies are required to establish their exact molecular mechanisms and consider them as lead molecules in developing of valuable drugs for treating oxidative stress-induced disorders, cancers, and inflammations

Population-based repeat cross-sectional seroprevalence survey of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Area, Maharashtra, India

Context: Population-based seroepidemiological studies are recommended to measure the extent of spread of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection in an area. The present seroprevalence survey was planned with the aim to estimate the cumulative burden of the COVID-19 disease in the Pimpri Chinchwad corporation area. Aims: To estimate the cumulative burden of the COVID-19 disease in the Pimpri Chinchwad corporation area. Settings and Design: The study was carried out in Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) city area. It was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Materials and Methods: A population-based seroprevalence study for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was carried out among 10082 residents in the age group of 6 years and above selected by cluster random sampling. Thirty-five clusters were in slums, 45 clusters in tenements and 120 clusters from housing societies. The fieldwork for the collection of samples was carried out from 16 June to 17 June 2021. For antibody testing, a kit from Abbott (SARS-CoV-2 IgG) was used which employs chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) technology. Statistical Analysis Used: Frequency analysis was done for sociodemographic variables, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19, age-stratified infection rate, risk factors and COVID symptomatic versus asymptomatic cases. Chi-square test of association was applied to test the association between seropositivity and sociodemographic and clinical profile of participants. Results: The overall seropositivity for IgG antibodies was 81.34%. Those living in the Gaothan area (tenements) had a positivity rate of 84.5%. The age group between 45 and 60 years had a seropositivity of 91%. Conclusions: The study indicates that a considerable proportion of the population had encountered the novel coronavirus approaching herd immunity