Ultrasonic investigations of spin-ices Dy2_2Ti2_2O7_7 and Ho2_2Ti2_2O7_7 in and out of equilibrium

We report ultrasound studies of spin-lattice and single-ion effects in the spin-ice materials Dy$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$ (DTO) and Ho$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$ (HTO) across a broad field range up to 60 T, covering phase transformations, interactions with low-energy magnetic excitations, as well as single-ion effects. In particular, a sharp dip observed in the sound attenuation in DTO at the gas-liquid transition of the magnetic monopoles is explained based on an approach involving negative relaxation processes. Furthermore, quasi-periodic peaks in the acoustic properties of DTO due to non-equilibrium processes are found to be strongly affected by {\em macroscopic} thermal-coupling conditions: the thermal runaway observed in previous studies in DTO can be suppressed altogether by immersing the sample in liquid helium. Crystal-electric-field effects having higher energy scale lead to a renormalization of the sound velocity and sound attenuation at very high magnetic fields. We analyze our observations using an approach based on an analysis of exchange-striction couplings and single-ion effects

Low-temperature muon spin rotation studies of the monopole charges and currents in Y doped Ho2Ti2O7

In the ground state of Ho2Ti2O7 spin ice, the disorder of the magnetic moments follows the same rules as the proton disorder in water ice. Excitations take the form of magnetic monopoles that interact via a magnetic Coulomb interaction. Muon spin rotation has been used to probe the low-temperature magnetic behaviour in single crystal Ho2−xYxTi2O7 (x = 0, 0.1, 1, 1.6 and 2). At very low temperatures, a linear field dependence for the relaxation rate of the muon precession λ(B), that in some previous experiments on Dy2Ti2O7 spin ice has been associated with monopole currents, is observed in samples with x = 0, and 0.1. A signal from the magnetic fields penetrating into the silver sample plate due to the magnetization of the crystals is observed for all the samples containing Ho allowing us to study the unusual magnetic dynamics of Y doped spin ice

Magnetoimpedance exchange coupling in different magnetic strength thin layers electrodeposited on Co-based magnetic ribbons

A systematic study of the effect of the deposition of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) layers of various thicknesses on the magnetoimpedance (MI) response of a soft ferromagnetic amorphous ribbon (Co68.15Fe4.35Si12.5B15) is performed. The Co and Ni layers with thicknesses of 5, 10, 20 and 40 nm were grown on both sides of the amorphous ribbons by the electrodeposition technique. Microstrutures determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed higher crystallinity of Ni-deposited layers and the amorphous ferromagnetic nature of Co-deposited. The vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) does not represent significant changes between samples because of the small contribution of such a thin layer deposited on thick ribbons, but the MI response dictates that the magnetic coupling effect occurred at the interface of such bilayers, which is sensitive to the skin effect. The MI response of Co-deposited ribbons showed MI hysteretic behavior depending on the deposited layer thicknesses with an optimum response for the thickness of 20 nm whereas no hysteretic behavior was measured for Ni-deposited ribbons. This behavior is explained according to the exchange coupling between magnetization of electrodeposited layers and magnetic ribbons with respect to different magnetic properties of Co and Ni at different thicknesses. Also the MI response of Ni- and Co-deposited ribbons enhanced significantly at low thicknesses relative to bare ribbon. By increasing the thickness of deposited layers, MI response decreases considerably. Differences in MI ratios of Co- and Ni-deposited ribbons are explained according to exchange length, crystallinity and roughness of deposited layers. Our results could address a simple way to achieve a higher MI response, and explains physical aspects of exchange coupling in MI response all towards a better performance of magnetic field sensors

Growth behavior of Cu, Ni and Cu/Ni electrodeposited microwires within porous Si

In this paper, a systematic growth behavior of Cu, Ni and Cu/Ni microwire arrays in porous silicon (PSi) templates is presented. After preparation of PSi templates via anodizing in HF solution, such microwires are successfully grown into PSi templates by electrodeposition method. Systematic scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging reveals that Cu seed nucleation occurs at the bottom and Ni seed nucleation starts on the wall of the silicon pores. The different growth models are explained according to the observed diffusion coefficients of ionic elements in electrodeposition baths. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to further observe the structural characteristics of the grown microwires. We believe that this work can be used in developing microwires with desired structural characteristics

Tunable bandgap and spin-orbit coupling by composition control of MoS2 and MoOx (x=2 and 3) thin film compounds

We report on the MoS2 and MoOx (x = 2 and 3) composite thin layers, electrodeposited, onto a Florine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrate. Our results show a change in relative content of these compounds in different thicknesses ranging from ∼20 to 540 nm. This change in the relative content at different thicknesses leads to a change in optical and electrical properties including bandgap and the type of semiconductivity. A sharp transition from p to n-type of semiconductivity is observed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements. We find that the spin-orbit interaction of Mo 3d electrons in the MoS2 and MoO3 enhances by significant reduction of the MoO3 content in thicker layers

Intrinsic and extrinsic nonstationary field-driven processes in the spin-ice compound Dy_{2}Ti_{2}O_{7}

Nonequilibrium processes are probed by ultrasound waves in the spin-ice material Dy(2)Ti(2)O(7) at low temperatures. The sound velocity and the sound attenuation exhibit a number of anomalies versus applied magnetic field for temperatures below the "freezing" temperature of similar to 500 mK. These robust anomalies can be seen for longitudinal and transverse acoustic modes for different field directions. The anomalies show a broad hysteresis. Most notable are peaks in the sound velocity, which exhibit two distinct regimes: an intrinsic (extrinsic) one in which the data collapse for different sweep rates when plotted as function of field strength (time). We discuss our observations in context of the emergent quasiparticles which govern the low-temperature dynamics of the spin ice

Growth behavior of Cu, Ni and Cu/Ni electrodeposited microwires within porous Si

In this paper, a systematic growth behavior of Cu, Ni and Cu/Ni microwire arrays in porous silicon (PSi) templates is presented. After preparation of PSi templates via anodizing in HF solution, such microwires are successfully grown into PSi templates by electrodeposition method. Systematic scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging reveals that Cu seed nucleation occurs at the bottom and Ni seed nucleation starts on the wall of the silicon pores. The different growth models are explained according to the observed diffusion coefficients of ionic elements in electrodeposition baths. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to further observe the structural characteristics of the grown microwires. We believe that this work can be used in developing microwires with desired structural characteristics

Electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide on magnetic ribbon: Toward high sensitive and selectable magnetoimpedance response

Graphene oxide (GO) layers have shown to be fascinating elements for application in high performance sensors. They can be applied in multi-disciplinary designs based on surface selective sensing mechanisms. One immediate application of such surface sensitive elements is implementing of GO layer in magnetoimpedance (MI) sensors to improve their multi-functionality. In this paper, deposition of GO on the surface of Co-based amorphous ribbons (Co 68.15 Fe 4.35 Si 12.5 B 15 ) is performed using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method to evaluate the MI response. MI ratio increased from 271% (bare ribbon) up to 281% and 301% EPD GO deposited within 4 and 8 min, respectively. Similar experiment for the ribbon drop coated with GO was carried out while no enhancement in MI response was seen. Vertical growth of GO on the surface of the ribbon in EPD and drop coated layers observed by topographical measurements. We explained the difference between the MI responses based on layers verticality and surface coverage. UV–Visible absorption and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the nature of GO. Gaining a high surface area of GO along with their biocompatible and anticorrosive properties atop the MI sensors can open pathways towards increasing applications of surface selective and high sensitive MI sensors