Ecological characteristic of water in the Eastern Bosporus Strait by oxygen parameters

Spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the basic ecological parameters for marine water, as dissolved oxygen content, biochemical oxygen demand, and permanganate oxidizability are considered for the Eastern Bosporus Strait (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea) on the data obtained in autumn, spring and summer seasons of 2013-2014, with special attention to the Ajax and Paris Bights of Russky Island on the southern coast of the Strait, changed significantly after construction of new university campus and marine aquarium. Normal oxygen regime is observed over the whole strait in autumn, but cases of low dissolved oxygen content, close to the minimal permissible level, are revealed in spring and summer. This phenomenon is an important feature of environmental conditions in the Strait in the warm period. It is possibly reasoned by general pollution of marine environments by sewage water, high water temperature, and relatively high concentration of suspended matter caused by active water circulation in the narrow strait and heavy rains. However, there is no any specific anthropogenic impact on the oxygen content in the Ajax and Paris Bights

Breast cancer incidence following low-dose rate environmental exposure: Techa River Cohort, 1956–2004

In the 1950s, the Mayak nuclear weapons facility in Russia discharged liquid radioactive wastes into the Techa River causing exposure of riverside residents to protracted low-to-moderate doses of radiation. Almost 10 000 women received estimated doses to the stomach of up to 0.47 Gray (Gy) (mean dose=0.04 Gy) from external γ-exposure and 137Cs incorporation. We have been following this population for cancer incidence and mortality and as in the general Russian population, we found a significant temporal trend of breast cancer incidence. A significant linear radiation dose–response relationship was observed (P=0.01) with an estimated excess relative risk per Gray (ERR/Gy) of 5.00 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80, 12.76). We estimated that approximately 12% of the 109 observed cases could be attributed to radiation

Chemical and ecological state of the waters in the Novik Bay (Russky Island, Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea)

Chemical and ecological state of the Novik Bay waters is described on the data of surveys conducted in summer, autumn, winter, and spring of 2014-2015. Lowered content of dissolved oxygen is noted for summer, with occasional decreasing to 5-6 mg/L that is below the standard summer value for fishery ponds. However, the oxygen content restores quickly in autumn, up to 12 mg/L, that is conditioned by hydrodynamic activity, water temperature decreasing, and phytoplankton blooming. The latter process is confirmed by high values of BOD5 (4.44-5.58 mgO2/L) in autumn. Winter conditions under the sea ice are satisfactory for marine organisms: dissolved oxygen content is > 4 mg/L in the whole water column that is close to the standard winter value for fishery ponds

Риск смерти от болезней системы кровообращения в Уральской когорте аварийно-облученного населения за 1950-2015 годы

The paper describes for the first time the results of the radiation effect study using the example of the analysis of circulatory system disease mortality in newly established cohort combining the population exposed in 1950–1960 due to 2 radiation incidents in the Southern Urals (the Techa River and East-Urals radioactive Trace). The cohort consists of 60,205 people. Over a 65-year follow up period 14,830 deaths from all diseases of the circulatory system were registered. Out of this number 6,163 deaths were from ischemic heart disease, and 4,388 deaths were from cerebrovascular diseases. Analysis was performed on the basis of individualized estimates of dose accumulated in muscle tissue (both internal and external components of the dose), calculated with new Techa River Dosimetry System 2016. As per the latest calculations, mean dose to muscle tissue in members of the combined cohort was 34 mGy, maximum dose was 995 mGy. Simple parametric model of excess relative risk (ERR) was used in the analysis. The number of person-years at risk was 1836,203. The findings of the analysis show linear increase of mortality risk per unit dose from all the disease of circulatory system (ERR/100 mGy was 3%; 95% CI: 0,8%; 5,2%) and from ischemic heart disease (ERR/100 mGy was 9,2%; 95% CI: 5,4%; 13,5%). with 15-year latent period. No statistically significant increase in mortality from the cerebrovascular diseases in the combined cohort of the population exposed in the Southern Urals over a 65-year period received evidence. The obtained results are in good agreement with those received in the analysis of the effect in the Techa River Cohort in 2013. The latter covered a 53-year period (with minimum latent period of 15 years) and revealed statistically significant linear dose response for all diseases of the circulatory system (ERR/100 mGy – 0.036) and ischemic heart disease (ERR/100 mGy – 0.056).В работе впервые представлены результаты исследования радиационных эффектов на примере анализа смерти от болезней системы кровообращения во вновь сформированной когорте, объединяющей население, облученное в период с 1950 по 1960 г. в двух радиационных инцидентах на Южном Урале (на реке Тече и на Восточно-Уральском радиоактивном следе). Численность сформированной когорты составила 60 205 человек. За 65-летний период наблюдения (1950–2015 гг.) в когорте зарегистрировано 14 830 смертей от всех болезней системы кровообращения, из них от ишемической болезни сердца – 6 163 случая смерти и от цереброваскулярных заболеваний – 4 388 случаев смерти. Анализ проведен на основе индивидуализированных оценок дозы, накопленной в мышечной ткани (включая внешнюю и внутреннюю компоненты дозы), рассчитанной на основе новой Дозиметрической системы реки Течи 2016. Согласно последним расчетам, средняя доза на мышечную ткань у членов объединенной когорты составила 34 мГр, а максимальная – 995 мГр. Для анализа применялась простая параметрическая модель избыточного относительного риска (ИОР). Число человеко-лет под риском составило 1 836 203. При анализе выявлено линейное увеличение риска смерти на единицу дозы от всех болезней системы кровообращения при 15-летнем латентном периоде (ИОР/100 мГр составил 3,0%; 95% ДИ: 0,8%; 5,2%) и от ишемической болезни сердца (ИОР/100 мГр составил 9,2%; 95% ДИ: 5,4%; 13,5%). Не получено доказательства статистически достоверного увеличения смертности от цереброваскулярных заболеваний в объединенной когорте населения, облученного на Южном Урале за 65-летний период. Полученные результаты согласуются с таковыми, полученными при анализе эффекта в когорте реки Теча, выполненного в 2013 г. за 53-летний период, где при 15-летнем минимальном латентном периоде была получена статистически значимая линейная зависимость от дозы для всех болезней системы кровообращения (ИОР/100 мГр – 3,6%) и для ишемической болезни сердца (ИОР/100 мГр – 5,6%).

Связь распространенности заболеваний щитовидной железы с дозой облучения у лиц, переселенных с радиоактивно загрязненных территорий Южного Урала

The objective of this work was to reveal the relations between thyroid pathology prevalence and absorbed thyroid radiation dose from 131I in the individuals relocated into Ozyorsk from the radioactively contaminated areas of South Urals. The sources of data for statistical analysis were the electronic database “Thyroid” containing clinical and laboratory data, and electronic database “The man and the environment” containing dosimetry information on irradiated individuals. Thyroid diseases and individual thyroid doses from all sources of ionizing radiation were collate for 195 persons relocated into Ozyorsk from the villages of the Techa riverside and of the territory of the East Ural Radioactive Trace. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using a software package (Excel, Statistica 6.1). The prevalence of thyroid nodules increased in relocated female statistically significantly 1.7 times (p=0.03) in the range of thyroid doses of 1000-1499 mGy and 2 times (p=0.003) in the range of doses of 1500–1999 mGy compared to this parameter at the doses below 1000 mGy. The prevalence of all thyroid abnormalities has been increased 1.5 times (p=0.007) in the range of thyroid doses of 1500-1999 mGy. An increased prevalence of thyroid diseases by 1.6 times (p=0.02) relative to non-irradiated persons was noted for relocated female whose age at the time of the medical examination was less than 60 years only. A significant number of risk factors requires the use the multivariate statistical analysis to assess their contribution for the development of thyroid pathology in the individuals residing in childhood in radioactively contaminated areas.Целью работы является выявление связи между распространенностью тиреопатологии и поглощенной дозой в щитовидной железе от 131I среди лиц, переселенных в г. Озерск с радиоактивно загрязненных территорий Южного Урала. Источниками для статистического анализа явились электронные базы данных «Щитовидная железа» Южно-Уральского института биофизики, содержащая клинико-лабораторные данные, и «Человек и окружающая среда» Уральского научно-практического центра радиационной медицины, содержащая дозиметрические данные. У 195 человек, переселенных в г. Озерск в разные сроки из сел побережья реки Течи и территории Восточно-Уральского радиоактивного следа, были сопоставлены индивидуальные дозы облучения от всех источников ионизирующего излучения и случаи заболеваний щитовидной железы. Статистический анализ данных проводили с использованием пакета прикладных программ (табличный процессор Excel, Statistica 6.1). Выявлена дозовая зависимость распространенности тиреоидной патологии: частота узловых доброкачественных образований, опасных в плане малигнизации, в щитовидной железе женщин-переселенцев была статистически значимо увеличена в 1,7 раза (p=0,03) в интервале тиреоидных доз 1000–1499 мГр и в 2 раза (p=0,003) в интервале доз 1500–1999 мГр по сравнению с распространенностью тиреопатологии при дозах до 1000 мГр. В диапазоне тиреоидных доз 1500–1999 мГр была также повышена распространенность всех заболеваний щитовидной железы в 1,5 раза (р=0,007). Возрастание распространенности заболеваний щитовидной железы в 1,6 раза (р=0,02) относительно необлученных лиц отмечено только для женщин-переселенцев, возраст которых на момент обследования был менее 60 лет. Значительное количество факторов риска, оказывавших влияние на формирование дозы облучения щитовидной железы и развитие тиреопатологии, вызывает необходимость использования многофакторного статистического анализа для оценки вклада каждого из них в развитие патологии щитовидной железы у лиц, проживавших на радиоактивно загрязненных территориях

Population Exposure Dose Reconstruction for the Urals Region

This presentation describes the first preliminary results of an ongoing joint Russian-US pilot feasibility study. Many people participated in workshops to determine what Russian and United States scientists could do together in the area of dose reconstruction in the Urals population. Most of the results presented here came from a joint work shop in St. Petersburg, Russia (11-13 July 1995). The Russians at the workshop represented the Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM), the Mayak Industrial Association, and Branch One of the Moscow Biophysics Institute. The US Collaborators were Dr. Anspaugh of LLNL, Dr. Nippier of PNL, and Dr. Bouville of the National Cancer Institute. The objective of the first year of collaboration was to look at the source term and levels of radiation contamination, the historical data available, and the results of previous work carried out by Russian scientists, and to determine a conceptual model for dose reconstruction

АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ МОНИТОРИНГА СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ДОЛГОЖИВУЩИХ РАДИОНУКЛИДОВ В ОРГАНИЗМЕ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ УРАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА

Objective of the study: To conduct a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the dynamics of internal exposure levels in the territories contaminated due to the activities of the Mayak Production Association, based upon the results of long-term monitoring of the long-lived anthropogenic radionuclide body burden in residents of the Urals region. Materials and methods: The data of postmortem and in vivo examinations for three groups of population were analyzed: 1) residents of riverside villages of the upper and middle reaches of the Techa River, contaminated in 1949-1956 with liquid radioactive waste; 2) people who were exposed as a result of the 1957 accident on the territory of the East Urals Radioactive Trace; 3) residents of the Ozyorsk city, located at an 8 km distance from the enterprise. The following methods of the examinations were used: 1) radiochemical analysis of specimens of organs and tissues sampled at autopsy; 2) in vivo measurements with the use of the whole body counters. The results of measurements of cesium-137, strontium-90 and trans-uranium radionuclide body burden over the period 1950s – present are provided. Data analysis made it possible to distinguish two historically formed groups of population with the maximum levels of current strontium-90 and plutonium body burden. The first group included people who lived in the early 1950’s in the basin of the Techa River, for whom the levels of oral intake of 90Sr reached 1.4 MBq/year. The second group comprised residents of the Ozyorsk city, for whom the levels of inhalation intake of plutonium in the period 1951–1958 reached 8 Bq/year. Conclusion: Estimates of the committed effective doses due to the intake of long-lived radionuclides over the period from 1949 through 2012 for critical groups of residents of the Urals were: 300 mSv for former residents of the Muslyumovo settlement on the Techa River (90Sr contribution – 85%) and 13 mSv for residents of the Ozyorsk city (the contribution of trans-uranium radionuclides is 30%).Цель исследования: провести комплексный анализ и оценку динамики уровней внутреннего облучения населения на территориях, загрязненных в результате деятельности производственного объединения «Маяк», на основе результатов долговременного мониторинга содержания долгоживущих техногенных радионуклидов в организме жителей Уральского региона. Материалы и методы: рассмотрены данные посмертных и прижизненных обследований для трёх групп населения: 1) жителей прибрежных сёл верхнего и среднего течения реки Теча, загрязненной в 1949–1956 гг. жидкими радиоактивными отходами; 2) людей, облучившихся в результате аварии 1957 г. на территории Восточно-Уральского радиоактивного следа; 3) жителей г. Озёрска, расположенного на расстоянии  8 км от предприятия. Методы обследований включали: 1) радиохимический анализ образцов органов и тканей, отобранных при аутопсиях; 2) прижизненные измерения на спектрометрах излучений человека. В статье представлены результаты измерений содержания цезия-137, стронция-90 и трансурановых радионуклидов в организме, начиная с 1950-х гг. по настоящее время. Анализ данных позволил выделить две исторически сложившиеся группы населения с максимальными уровнями текущего содержания в организме стронция-90 и плутония. В состав первой группы вошли люди, проживавшие в начале 1950-х гг. в населенных пунктах на реке Теча, для которых уровни перорального поступления 90Sr достигали 1,4 МБк/год. В состав второй группы вошли жители г. Озёрска, для которых уровни ингаляционного поступления плутония в период 1951–1958 гг. достигали 8 Бк/год. Заключение: оценки ожидаемых эффективных доз от поступления долгоживущих радионуклидов с 1949 по 2012 г. для критических групп населения Урала составили: 300 мЗв для бывших жителей села Муслюмово на реке Теча (вклад 90Sr – 85%) и 13 мЗв для жителей г. Озёрска (вклад трансурановых радионуклидов – 30%).

LABORATORY TESTING RESULTS ANALYSIS OF GIARDIASIS PREVALENCE AMONG DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS IN THE NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT

The Nenets Autonomous District (NAD) refers to the territories of the Russia’s Far North. The country is the only region of Russia, where there are still no roads. The extreme weather conditions, as well as residential patterns in the NAD reduce the availability of specialized medical care, as indigenous people and other nationalities living in the district, which requires the use of health care management specific forms. The article presents data on giardiasis studies amongst different categories of the NAD population, obtained as a result of the population surveys in remote regions of the Russian Federation Arctic zone. Samples studied were serum and faecal emulsion. The study used the following laboratory methods: for serum — Giardia lamblia antibody screening method using ELISA kit, emulsion stool — native smear microscopy analysis, the method of enrichment using disposable concentrators «Parasep» immunological diagnostic methods based on the detection of specific lamblia antigen in faeces using ELISA kits. For statistics was used descriptive statistics analysis (mean values, the percentage error of the mean, the construction of the trend line) with program SPSS 20.00, Excel 2010, the method of analysis of official statistical reporting hospitals survey on giardiasis, data of Rospotrebnadzor (Russian Sanitary service) for NAD and data from own research from 2002 to 2013. Just in the process of research carried out research on the 10 356 giardiasis, registered diseases by 3470 cases of giardiasis, accounting for 99.14% of the total number of protozoonosises registered and 37.4% of all registered in the NAD parasitosis. The comparison was made among the population of the county towns, home to both the indigenous people, nomadic, and representatives of other ethnic groups, sedentary with urban population of the city of Naryan-Mar. The article analyzes the incidence rates for giardiasis according to district official statistical reporting compared with the incidence in the Russian Federation for the same period of time. Statistical analysis was performed using the software package Excel 2010. The study found an association of giardiasis prevalence in the population of the NAD on criteria such as location, gender, occupation and age structure examined