Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Their Correlation With Disease Severity

Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a potentially malignant oral lesion, is a form of pathological fibrosis affecting the oral mucosa. It results from an imbalance in equilibrium of the normal process of synthesis and degradation of extra cellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases and its inhibitors play important role in remodeling of the extra cellular matrix which are important in progression and pathogenesis of potentially malignant lesions to malignancy.Objectives To evaluate the expression and distribution of Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP- 2) and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) in different grades of Oral Submucous Fibrosis(OSF).Method Immunohistochemical analysis for MMP-2 and its TIMP-2 was performed in 30 histopathologically confirmed, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of OSF. A semi-quantitative analysis was done to assess the expression, distribution and comparison of these in various stages of this disease.Result All moderately advanced cases and 64.2% for MMP-2 and 78.5% for TIMP-2 of early stage cases showed positivity. Between two stages of OSF, statistically significant differences were noted in expression of TIMP-2 in lamina propria, deep connective tissue and supra basal layers (p&lt;0.05) and basal and supra basal layers for MMP-2 (p&lt;0.05).Conclusion The simultaneous increase in expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 with advancing stages of OSF can provide a basis for considering the proteases as important mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of OSF which could aid in identifying the aggressiveness of the condition and elucidate its role in its malignant transformation.Kathmandu Univ Med J 2013; 11(4): 274-281</jats:p

Molecular analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A tissue microarray study

Background : An intriguing aspect of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) is its behavioral disparity. Among patients who present with the similar clinicopathological features, some have a better prognosis than others. Identification of molecular alterations responsible for this may contribute to a greater understanding of tumor behavior. Tissue microarray (TMA) approach is a high throughput technology that enables analysis of multiple molecular targets simultaneously without causing any morphological alteration to tissue specimens. Aim and Objective : To assess the tumor behavior based on the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and E-cadherin using TMA technology. Settings and Design : This was a case series analysis using tissue microarray technology. Materials and Methods : Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of histological proven cases of OSCC (n = 30) were retrieved from the department archives. Tissue microarray blocks were constructed; 4 ΅m thick sections were cut and immunostained for p53, Bcl-2 and E-cadherin. Stastistical Analysis : Mean (SD) was used to summarize age, frequencies with percentages was used to summarize categorical variable and Chi-square test was used to find association between histopathology evaluation and expression of Bcl-2, p53, E-cadherin. Results and Conclusion : Bcl-2 was the most frequently expressed biomarker. The expression of Bcl-2 was inversely related to the degree of differentiation (P = 0.005). The follow-up data showed that 63.6% of the cases that were positive for both Bcl-2 and E-cadherin were disease-free following treatment. Tissue microarray technology is a promising way to analyse multiple biomarkers simultaneously. The molecular data obtained from TMA will enhance diagnosis, provide better prognostication and will improve cancer treatment for individual patients

Molecular analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A tissue microarray study

Background : An intriguing aspect of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) is its behavioral disparity. Among patients who present with the similar clinicopathological features, some have a better prognosis than others. Identification of molecular alterations responsible for this may contribute to a greater understanding of tumor behavior. Tissue microarray (TMA) approach is a high throughput technology that enables analysis of multiple molecular targets simultaneously without causing any morphological alteration to tissue specimens. Aim and Objective : To assess the tumor behavior based on the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and E-cadherin using TMA technology. Settings and Design : This was a case series analysis using tissue microarray technology. Materials and Methods : Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of histological proven cases of OSCC (n = 30) were retrieved from the department archives. Tissue microarray blocks were constructed; 4 ΅m thick sections were cut and immunostained for p53, Bcl-2 and E-cadherin. Stastistical Analysis : Mean (SD) was used to summarize age, frequencies with percentages was used to summarize categorical variable and Chi-square test was used to find association between histopathology evaluation and expression of Bcl-2, p53, E-cadherin. Results and Conclusion : Bcl-2 was the most frequently expressed biomarker. The expression of Bcl-2 was inversely related to the degree of differentiation (P = 0.005). The follow-up data showed that 63.6% of the cases that were positive for both Bcl-2 and E-cadherin were disease-free following treatment. Tissue microarray technology is a promising way to analyse multiple biomarkers simultaneously. The molecular data obtained from TMA will enhance diagnosis, provide better prognostication and will improve cancer treatment for individual patients

Molecular analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A tissue microarray study

Background : An intriguing aspect of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) is its behavioral disparity. Among patients who present with the similar clinicopathological features, some have a better prognosis than others. Identification of molecular alterations responsible for this may contribute to a greater understanding of tumor behavior. Tissue microarray (TMA) approach is a high throughput technology that enables analysis of multiple molecular targets simultaneously without causing any morphological alteration to tissue specimens. Aim and Objective : To assess the tumor behavior based on the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and E-cadherin using TMA technology. Settings and Design : This was a case series analysis using tissue microarray technology. Materials and Methods : Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of histological proven cases of OSCC (n = 30) were retrieved from the department archives. Tissue microarray blocks were constructed; 4 \u385m thick sections were cut and immunostained for p53, Bcl-2 and E-cadherin. Stastistical Analysis : Mean (SD) was used to summarize age, frequencies with percentages was used to summarize categorical variable and Chi-square test was used to find association between histopathology evaluation and expression of Bcl-2, p53, E-cadherin. Results and Conclusion : Bcl-2 was the most frequently expressed biomarker. The expression of Bcl-2 was inversely related to the degree of differentiation (P = 0.005). The follow-up data showed that 63.6% of the cases that were positive for both Bcl-2 and E-cadherin were disease-free following treatment. Tissue microarray technology is a promising way to analyse multiple biomarkers simultaneously. The molecular data obtained from TMA will enhance diagnosis, provide better prognostication and will improve cancer treatment for individual patients

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reaction

Background. Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology while Oral Lichenoid Reaction (OLR) is a condition mimicking OLP. As these conditions are exposed to oxidative stress, they could release reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are implicated in the pathogenesis of a plethora of inflammatory conditions to lethal diseases. We evaluated and compared the levels of a series of oxidative stress markers in patients with OLP and OLR with that of normal controls and tried to identify the role of these oxidative stress markers in these conditions. Methods. Protein thiol oxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant activity were estimated in both the groups (OLP and OLR) and compared with that of normal subjects. Results. There were significantly lower levels of serum protein thiols in OLP (p 0.05), but with a significant difference in serum thiol levels between the two (p < 0.047). Total antioxidant levels were lower in OLP (p < 0.016) and OLR (p < 0.017) when compared to normal subjects, while between the study group total antioxidant levels were not significantly different (p < 0.632). Conclusions. The findings from the present study demonstrate involvement of ROS in the pathogenesis of OLP and OLR, though both these disease conditions have a different clinical course.Ram B. Upadhyay, Sunitha Carnelio, Revathi P. Shenoy, Prabin Gyawali, Madhurima Mukherje