Thermodynamic Aspects of Supercritical Fluids Processing: Applications of Polymers and Wastes Treatment Aspects thermodynamiques des procédés mettant en oeuvre des fluides supercritiques : applications aux traitements des polymères et des déchets

Supercritical fluid processes are of increasing interest for many fields : in supercritical fluid separation (petroleum-chemistry separation and purification, food industry) and supercritical fluid chromatography (analytical and preparative separation, determination of physicochemical properties); as reaction media with continuously adjustable properties from gas to liquid (low-density polyethylene, waste destruction, polymer recycling); in geology and mineralogy (volcanoes, geothermal energy, hydrothermal synthesis); in particle, fibber and substrate formations (pharmaceuticals, explosives, coatings); in drying materials (gels). This paper presents the unusual physicochemical properties of supercritical fluids in relation to their engineering applications. After a short report of fundamental concepts of critical behavior in pure fluids, we develop in more details the tunable physicochemical properties of fluid in the supercritical domain. The second part of this paper describes the engineering applications of supercritical fluids relevant of chemical reactions and polymer processing. Each application presentation is divided in two parts : the first one recalls the basic concepts including general background, physicochemical properties and the second one develops the engineering applications relevant of the advocated domain. La mise en Suvre des fluides supercritiques est d'un intérêt croissant dans de nombreux domaines : pour la séparation (séparation et purification en pétrochimie, industrie alimentaire) et la chromatographie par fluides supercritiques (séparation analytique et préparatoire, détermination des propriétés physicochimiques), comme milieux réactifs aux propriétés continûment ajustables allant du gaz au liquide (polyéthylène de faible densité, élimination des déchets, recyclage des polymères), en géologie et en minéralogie (volcanologie, énergie géothermique, synthèse hydrothermique), dans la formation des particules, fibres et substrats (produits pharmaceutiques, explosifs, revêtements), pour le séchage des matériaux (gels). Cet article présente les propriétés physicochimiques exceptionnelles des fluides supercritiques en rapport avec leurs applications en ingénierie. Après un bref rappel des concepts fondamentaux relatifs au comportement critique des fluides purs, nous développons d'une manière plus détaillée les propriétés physicochimiques ajustables des fluides dans le domaine supercritique. La deuxième partie de l'article décrit les applications en ingénierie des fluides supercritiques relatives aux réactions chimiques et au traitement des polymères. Chaque présentation d'application est divisée en deux parties : la première rappelle les concepts de base et le contexte général ainsi que les propriétés physicochimiques, la seconde développe les applications en ingénierie se rapportant au domaine concerné

Thermodynamic Aspects of Supercritical Fluids Processing: Applications of Polymers and Wastes Treatment

International audienceSupercritical fluid processes are of increasing interest for many fields : in supercritical fluid separation (petroleum-chemistry separation and purification, food industry) and supercritical fluid chromatography (analytical and preparative separation, determination of physicochemical properties); as reaction media with continuously adjustable properties from gas to liquid (low-density polyethylene, waste destruction, polymer recycling); in geology and mineralogy (volcanoes, geothermal energy, hydrothermal synthesis); in particle, fibber and substrate formations (pharmaceuticals, explosives, coatings); in drying materials (gels). This paper presents the unusual physicochemical properties of supercritical fluids in relation to their engineering applications. After a short report of fundamental concepts of critical behavior in pure fluids, we develop in more details the tunable physicochemical properties of fluid in the supercritical domain. The second part of this paper describes the engineering applications of supercritical fluids relevant of chemical reactions and polymer processing. Each application presentation is divided in two parts : the first one recalls the basic concepts including general background, physicochemical properties and the second one develops the engineering applications relevant of the advocated domain

Thermodynamic Aspects of Supercritical Fluids Processing: Applications of Polymers and Wastes Treatment

Supercritical fluid processes are of increasing interest for many fields : in supercritical fluid separation (petroleum-chemistry separation and purification, food industry) and supercritical fluid chromatography (analytical and preparative separation, determination of physicochemical properties); as reaction media with continuously adjustable properties from gas to liquid (low-density polyethylene, waste destruction, polymer recycling); in geology and mineralogy (volcanoes, geothermal energy, hydrothermal synthesis); in particle, fibber and substrate formations (pharmaceuticals, explosives, coatings); in drying materials (gels). This paper presents the unusual physicochemical properties of supercritical fluids in relation to their engineering applications. After a short report of fundamental concepts of critical behavior in pure fluids, we develop in more details the tunable physicochemical properties of fluid in the supercritical domain. The second part of this paper describes the engineering applications of supercritical fluids relevant of chemical reactions and polymer processing. Each application presentation is divided in two parts : the first one recalls the basic concepts including general background, physicochemical properties and the second one develops the engineering applications relevant of the advocated domain

Determinants of matrices associated with incidence functions on posets

summary:Let $S=\lbrace x_1,\dots ,x_n\rbrace$ be a finite subset of a partially ordered set $P$. Let $f$ be an incidence function of $P$. Let $[f(x_i\wedge x_j)]$ denote the $n\times n$ matrix having $f$ evaluated at the meet $x_i\wedge x_j$ of $x_i$ and $x_j$ as its $i,j$-entry and $[f(x_i\vee x_j)]$ denote the $n\times n$ matrix having $f$ evaluated at the join $x_i\vee x_j$ of $x_i$ and $x_j$ as its $i,j$-entry. The set $S$ is said to be meet-closed if $x_i\wedge x_j\in S$ for all $1\le i,j\le n$. In this paper we get explicit combinatorial formulas for the determinants of matrices $[f(x_i\wedge x_j)]$ and $[f(x_i\vee x_j)]$ on any meet-closed set $S$. We also obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the matrices $f(x_i\wedge x_j)]$ and $[f(x_i\vee x_j)]$ on any meet-closed set $S$ to be nonsingular. Finally, we give some number-theoretic applications