Understanding GIC in the UK and French high-voltage transmission systems during severe magnetic storms

The measurement and collection of digital magnetic field data in Europe extends back to the 1970s, providing over 30 years of data for the analysis of severe space weather. Although paper records can potentially extend these data sets back by over a century, few digitized records are currently available for use in extreme studies. Therefore, we rely on theoretical arguments and modeling to elucidate the largest likely variations of the magnetic field. We assess the relationship, during the three largest storms in the digital era, between variations in the horizontal magnetic field and the largest measured Dst index to estimate likely magnetic variations for more extreme storms in northern and midlatitude Europe. We examine how geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) flow in the UK and French networks during recent severe storms and analyze the sensitivity of these flows to changes in grid parameters. The maximum GIC computed at any one node in the French and UK grids are 44 A and 208 A, respectively. Sensitivity tests show that while gross changes of the whole network structure, such as disconnecting parts of the network, reduces the mean GIC per node, changes in GIC at individual nodes have distinct behaviors implying that local effects are network dependent and require detailed modeling to sufficiently characterize GIC. In addition, the scale factors we have derived allow GIC results from recent storms to be upscaled to estimate the potential risk to the system from more extreme events, such as the Carrington storm in 1859

A comparison of intravenous general anesthesia and paracervical block for in vitro fertilization: Effects on oocytes using the transvaginal technique [İnvitro fertilizasyonda intravenöz genel anestezinin transvaginal ponksiyonla ali{dotless}nan oositler üzerine etkilerinin paraservikal lokal anestezik blokla karşi{dotless}laşti{dotless}ri{dotless}lmasi{dotless}]

Aim: To compare the effects of 2 different anesthetic techniques used for oocyte retrieval. Comparison was made based on the number of retrieved and fertilized oocytes, metaphase 2 (M2, mature) oocytes, and transferred embryos, as well as fertilization, pregnancy, and live birth rates. Ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization is one of the most common minor surgical procedures. Despite this, it is stressful and painful for the patient; most patients request sedation and/or pain relief. Propofol, which is frequently used for general anesthesia in such procedures, has been suspected to damage oocytes. Materials and methods: Results from 70 patients without premedication were compared in this randomized prospective study. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on treatment. Those in Group G received intravenous general anesthesia with atropine (10 µg kg-1), remifentanil (1 µg kg-1), and propofol (2.5 mg kg-1), while patients in Group P received a paracervical block with 100 mg of prilocaine (2%) and 0.75 mg kg-1 of intramuscular meperidine. Results: Our results revealed no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of the fertilization rate. The numbers of retrieved and mature oocytes and transferred embryos and the pregnancy rate were greater in the general anesthesia group, although only the number of transferred embryos showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.045). Conclusion: According to our data, both anesthesia techniques can be used for oocyte retrieval since there were no differences in fertilization, pregnancy, or live birth rates between the 2 groups. © TÜBİTAK