A Generalized Compressible Cavitation Model

A new multi-phase model for low speed gas/liquid mixtures is presented; it does not require ad-hoc closure models for the variation of mixture density with pressure and yields thermodynamically correct acoustic propagation for multi-phase mixtures. The solution procedure has an interface-capturing scheme that incorporates an additional scalar transport equation for the gas void fraction. Cavitation is modeled via a finite rate source term that initiates phase change when liquid pressure drops below its saturation value. The numerical procedure has been implemented within a multi-element unstructured framework CRUNCH that permits the grid to be locally refined in the interface region. The solution technique incorporates a parallel, domain decomposition strategy for efficient 3D computations. Detailed results are presented for sheet cavitation over a cylindrical headform and a NACA 66 hydrofoil

Control of Transonic Cavity Flow Instability by Streamwise Air Injection

A time-dependent numerical model of a turbulent Mach 1.5 flow over a rectangular cavity has been developed, to investigate suppression strategies for its natural self-sustained instability. This instability adversely affects the cavity form drag, it produces large-amplitude pressure oscillations in the enclosure and it is a source of far-field acoustic radiation. To suppress the natural flow instability, the leading edge of the two-dimensional cavity model is fitted with a simulated air jet that discharges in the downstream direction. The jet mass flow rate and nozzle depth are adjusted to attenuate the instability while minimising the control mass flow rate. The numerical predictions indicate that, at the selected inflow conditions, the configurations with the deepest nozzle (0.75 of the cavity depth) give the most attenuation of the modelled instability, which is dominated by the cavity second mode. The jet affects both the unsteady pressure field and the vorticity distribution inside the enclosure, which are, together, key determinants of the cavity leading instability mode amplitude. The unsteadiness of the pressure field is reduced by the lifting of the cavity shear layer at the rear end above the trailing edge. This disrupts the formation of upstream travelling feed-back pressure waves and the generation of far-field noise. The deep nozzle also promotes a downstream bulk flow in the enclosure, running from the upstream vertical wall to the downstream one. This flow attenuates the large-scale clockwise recirculation that is present in the unsuppressed cavity flow. The same flow alters the top shear layer vorticity thickness and probably affects the convective growth of the shear layer cavity second mode

POD Analysis of Cavity Flow Instability

A Mach 1.5 turbulent cavity flow develops large-amplitude oscillations, pressure drag and noise. This type of flow instability affects practical engineering applications, such as aircraft store bays. A simple model of the flow instability is sought towards developing a real-time model-based active control system for simple geometries, representative of open aircraft store bays. An explicit time marching second-order accurate finite-volume scheme has been used to generate time-dependent benchmark cavity flow data. Then, a simpler and leaner numerical predictor for the unsteady cavity pressure was developed, based on a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of the benchmark data. The low order predictor gives pressure oscillations in good agreement with the benchmark CFD method. This result highlights the importance of large-scale phase-coherent structures in the Mach 1.5 turbulent cavity flow. At the selected test conditions, the significant pressure ‘energy’ content of these structures enabled an effective reduced order model of the cavity dynamic system. Directions and methods to further streamline and simplify the unsteady pressure predictor have been highlighted