Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan dalam Acara Pidana

Sistem pembuktian adalah pengaturan tentang macam-macam alat bukti yang boleh dipergunakan. Pembuktian tentang benar tidaknya terdakwa melakukan perbuatan yang didakwakan, merupakan bagian yang terpenting acara pidana. Dalam hal ini pun hak asasi manusia dipertaruhkan. Bagaimana akibatnya jika seseorang yang didakwa dinyatakan terbukti melakukan perbuatan yang didakwakan berdasarkan alat bukti yang ada disertai keyakinan hakim, padahal tidak benar. Untuk inilah maka hukum acara pidana bertujuan untuk mencari kebenaran materiil, berbeda dengan hukum acara perdata yang cukup puas dengan kebenaran formal. Sistem pembuktian dalam perkara pidana di Indonesia adalah sistem pembuktian berdasarkan undang-undang secara negatif dimana pembuktian harus didasarkan pada undang-undang (Pasal 183 KUHAP) yakni dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua alat bukti yang sah hakim memperoleh keyakinan bahwa suatu tindak pidana benar-benar terjadi dan bahwa terdakwalah yang bersalah melakukanny

From fused aromatics to graphene-like nanoribbons: The effects of multiple terminal groups, length and symmetric pathways on charge transport

class of molecular ribbons, with almost-ideal charge transmission, that is weakly dependent on the anchoring structure or electrode crystalline orientation and easy to synthesize has been identified. Charge transport through two sets of aromatic nanoribbons, based on the pyrene and perylene motifs, has been investigated using density functional theory combined with the nonequilibrium Green's function method. The effects of wire length and multiple terminal thiolate groups at the junction with gold leads have been examined. For the oligopyrene series, an exponential drop in the conductance with the increase of the wire length is found. In contrast, the oligoperylene series of nanoribbons, with dual thiolate groups, exhibits no visible length dependence, indicating that the contacts are the principal source of the resistance. Between the Au(001) leads, the transmission spectra of the oligoperylenes display a continuum of highly conducting channels and the resulting conductance is nearly independent of the bias. The predictions are robust against artefacts from the exchange-correlation potential, as evidenced from the self-interaction corrected calculations. Therefore, oligoperylene nanoribbons show the potential to be the almost-ideal wires for molecular circuitry

Fazni prijelaz drugog reda izazvan zamrznutim nasumičnim razrjeđenjem u 3D

The effect of the quenched random dilution on the ferromagnetic transitions, in particular, the conversion from the first- to second-order transition is discussed. The new results are presented for the diluted three-dimensional three-state Potts model. The critical exponents of the disorder-induced second-order phase transition are derived by the finite-size scaling analysis of the moments of the energy and the largest cluster, obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations.Raspravlja se učinak nasumičnog, zamrznutog razrjeđenja na feromagnetske prijelaze, posebice na promjenu iz prijelaza prvog u onaj drugog reda. Prikazani su novi rezultati za razrijeđeni trodimenzijski Pottsov model s tri stanja. Kritični eksponenti faznog prijelaza drugog reda izazvanog neredom izvedeni su ljestvičnom analizom momenata energije i najvećeg grozda, dobivenih Monte Carlo simulacijama

Fazni prijelaz drugog reda izazvan zamrznutim nasumičnim razrjeđenjem u 3D

The effect of the quenched random dilution on the ferromagnetic transitions, in particular, the conversion from the first- to second-order transition is discussed. The new results are presented for the diluted three-dimensional three-state Potts model. The critical exponents of the disorder-induced second-order phase transition are derived by the finite-size scaling analysis of the moments of the energy and the largest cluster, obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations.Raspravlja se učinak nasumičnog, zamrznutog razrjeđenja na feromagnetske prijelaze, posebice na promjenu iz prijelaza prvog u onaj drugog reda. Prikazani su novi rezultati za razrijeđeni trodimenzijski Pottsov model s tri stanja. Kritični eksponenti faznog prijelaza drugog reda izazvanog neredom izvedeni su ljestvičnom analizom momenata energije i najvećeg grozda, dobivenih Monte Carlo simulacijama

The Energy Operator for a Model with a Multiparametric Infinite Statistics

In this paper we consider energy operator (a free Hamiltonian), in the second-quantized approach, for the multiparameter quon algebras: $a_{i}a_{j}^{\dagger}-q_{ij}a_{j}^{\dagger}a_{i} = \delta_{ij}, i,j\in I$ with $(q_{ij})_{i,j\in I}$ any hermitian matrix of deformation parameters. We obtain an elegant formula for normally ordered (sometimes called Wick-ordered) series expansions of number operators (which determine a free Hamiltonian). As a main result (see Theorem 1) we prove that the number operators are given, with respect to a basis formed by "generalized Lie elements", by certain normally ordered quadratic expressions with coefficients given precisely by the entries of the inverses of Gram matrices of multiparticle weight spaces. (This settles a conjecture of two of the authors (S.M and A.P), stated in [8]). These Gram matrices are hermitian generalizations of the Varchenko's matrices, associated to a quantum (symmetric) bilinear form of diagonal arrangements of hyperplanes (see [12]). The solution of the inversion problem of such matrices in [9] (Theorem 2.2.17), leads to an effective formula for the number operators studied in this paper. The one parameter case, in the monomial basis, was studied by Zagier [15], Stanciu [11] and M{\o}ller [6].Comment: 24 pages. accepted in J. Phys. A. Math. Ge

Gen Z and the flight shame movement: Examining the intersection of emotions, biospheric values, and environmental travel behaviour in an eastern society

Using the norm activation model (NAM), our research delves into the impact of environmental concerns, and environmental self-assets on environmentally responsible travel behaviour (ENVRB), and the role of affective constructs (love for nature [LNA], respect for nature and flight shame) on travelling behaviour among Generation Z in India. Through a prediction-oriented and exploratory approach using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), our study reveals strong effects of environmental concerns and self-assets on responsible travel behaviour, and the mediating role of LNA in these relationships; the mediating role of respect for nature was insignificant. Furthermore, flight shame emerges as a strong predictor of responsible travel behaviour, mediating the transition from love and respect for nature to responsible travel behaviour. Our findings underscore the importance of emotional factors such as love and respect for nature in promoting sustainable consumer behaviour. We emphasise the need for tailored sustainable tourism initiatives to overcome emerging economies’ cultural patterns and psychological barriers. The findings suggested that nurturing a deep love and respect for nature and promoting environmental self-assets and concerns are crucial for successful sustainable tourism initiatives among Gen Z. Avenues for future research are also discussed. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Analysis of Internal Deletions of a Rat Col1a1 Promoter Fragment in Transfected ROS17/2.8 Cells

The aim of this paper is identification of regulatory sequences downstream of –1683 base pairs (bp) in the rat Col1a1 promoter important for expression in osteoblasts. Previous findings suggest that a rat Col1a1 gene fragment extending from –1719 to +115 bp linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene (ColCAT1719) is highly and selectively expressed in osteoblasts. Three internal deletions within the ColCAT1719 construct were generated and stably transfected into ROS 17/2.8 cells. CAT activity was measured in cell extracts. An internal deletion of ColCAT1719 from –1637 to –504 bp caused an almost complete loss of CAT activity, whereas deletions of –1284 to –905 bp and –1284 to –451 bp had little effect on CAT activity. We hypothesized that removal of a Runx2/Cbfa1 consensus site at –1376 bp may have caused the loss of activity produced by the –1637 to –504 bp deletion. To test this hypothesis, we produced a more restricted internal deletion of ColCAT1719 from –1418 to –1284 bp, which removes this site. This deletion did not affect promoter activity. Our results suggest that the Runx2 site at –1376 bp by itself does not influence Col1719 promoter activity. Future studies will focus on the region between –1637 to 1418 bp, which contains several potentially interesting transcription factor binding sites

Folk songs, Proverbs and Proverbal Phrases from Zlarin

Ovu rukovet zlarinskih pjesama, poslovica i uzrečica pribilježio je prema svome sjećanju Ante S Kranjac. U pjesmama, vecinom dvostihovima, prvi se stih u zapisivačevu rukopisu ponavlja triput, očito prema načinu pjevanja. Ovdje su ta ponavljanja izostavljena. Tumačenja uz poslovice i uzrečice donose se u zagradama samo u onim slučajevima kad bi bez njih značenje bilo nejasno. Tumačenja potječu od zapisivača.Ante S. Kranjac recorded this small collection of folk songs, proverbs and proverbial phrases as he remembered them from narrations of his grandmother Kate Kazija-Petrin and his mother Marija Pave Kranjac. Most of the songs consist of binary verses of which the first was sang three times. The editors omitted these repetitions. Explanations for proverbs and proverbial phrases, which appear in brackets, are author\u27s. Only those were retained which are absolutely necessary for understanding the text

Folk songs, Proverbs and Proverbal Phrases from Zlarin

Ovu rukovet zlarinskih pjesama, poslovica i uzrečica pribilježio je prema svome sjećanju Ante S Kranjac. U pjesmama, vecinom dvostihovima, prvi se stih u zapisivačevu rukopisu ponavlja triput, očito prema načinu pjevanja. Ovdje su ta ponavljanja izostavljena. Tumačenja uz poslovice i uzrečice donose se u zagradama samo u onim slučajevima kad bi bez njih značenje bilo nejasno. Tumačenja potječu od zapisivača.Ante S. Kranjac recorded this small collection of folk songs, proverbs and proverbial phrases as he remembered them from narrations of his grandmother Kate Kazija-Petrin and his mother Marija Pave Kranjac. Most of the songs consist of binary verses of which the first was sang three times. The editors omitted these repetitions. Explanations for proverbs and proverbial phrases, which appear in brackets, are author\u27s. Only those were retained which are absolutely necessary for understanding the text