A double-blind randomized pilot trial comparing computerized cognitive exercises to Tetris in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

<p><b>Background:</b> The purpose of this trial was to examine the feasibility and efficacy of computerized cognitive exercises from Scientific Brain Training (SBT), compared to the computer game Tetris as an active placebo, in a pilot study of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p> <p><b>Method:</b> Eighteen adolescents with ADHD were randomized to treatment or control intervention for 7 weeks. Outcome measures were cognitive test, symptom, and motivation questionnaires.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> SBT and Tetris were feasible as home-based interventions, and participants’ compliance was high, but participants perceived both interventions as not very interesting or helpful. There were no significant group differences on cognitive and ADHD-symptom measures after intervention. Pre–post intra-group measurement showed that the SBT had a significant beneficial effect on sustained attention, while the active placebo had significant beneficial effects on working memory, both with large effect sizes.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Although no significant differences were found between groups on any measure, there were significant intra-group changes for each group.</p

The pairwise association between Rutter’s Indicators of adversity assessed in infancy.

<p>The pairwise association between Rutter’s Indicators of adversity assessed in infancy.</p

Proportion of cohort members developing ADHD over time stratified by RIA-score.

<p>Kaplan-Meier plots showing the proportion of the female (left) and male (right) cohort members developing ADHD over time stratified by RIA-score in infancy (as represented by the curves). Due to the relatively low number of cohort members with 5–6 RIA, these curves were smoothened (local polynomial kernel smoothing (Epanechnikov)) to avoid potential identification of individuals. Furthermore, to remain within the boundaries of the data, the probability of ADHD was manually restricted to zero until the age of 2 years (the beginning of follow-up) for the two curves representing individuals with RIA-scores of 5–6.</p

Incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios for ADHD for each of Rutter’s indicators of adversity (RIA) and for the total RIA-score assessed in infancy.

<p>Incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios for ADHD for each of Rutter’s indicators of adversity (RIA) and for the total RIA-score assessed in infancy.</p

Leave-one-out analyses of the association between the Rutter’s Indicators of adversity score (RIA-score) assessed in infancy and ADHD.

<p>Leave-one-out analyses of the association between the Rutter’s Indicators of adversity score (RIA-score) assessed in infancy and ADHD.</p